Compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of bone fractures and disorders

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of disorders that are associated with aberrant bone mineral density, in particular osteoporosis; wherein the level of selected micro RNAs in samples of patients are detected and wherein an increase or decrease of said level compared to the level of healthy individuals is indicative of the disorder.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of disorders that are associated with aberrant bone mineral density, in particular osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Osteoporosis is characterized by a systemic reduction in bone mass leading to increased bone fragility and an increased risk of bone fracture.

Current methods for the early assessment of fracture risk as well as treatment response include non-invasive imaging techniques as well as the analysis of clinical parameters and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Recently, microRNAs have been identified to be secreted into the bloodstream from cells of various tissues, possibly indicating pathological processes in different parts of the body. There is evidence that microRNAs play an important role in the development and function of bone forming and bone resorbing cells, specifically osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Both cell types control the homeostasis between bone anabolism and catabolism, and therefore microRNAs play a pivotal physiological role in bone metabolism. To this day, however, little is known whether an imbalance in bone metabolism, which causes bone diseases, may be reflected in the levels of circulating microRNAs.

Osteoporotic fractures are caused by an increase in bone fragility, which can occur due to low bone mass and microarchitectural changes in bone tissue. Such fractures are the critical hard outcome of osteoporosis, which affects more than 75 million people in the United States, Europe and Japan (Kanis et al., 2013). With a lifetime risk of 30%-40% to be affected by vertebral or non-vertebral fractures in developed countries, osteoporosis has an incidence rate similar to that of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, with the exception of forearm fractures, osteoporotic fractures are associated with increased mortality. Most fractures cause acute pain and lead to patient hospitalization, immobilization and often slow recovery.

In addition, osteoporotic symptoms are frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, who overall suffer from an elevated risk of fragility fractures. Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases in which a subject has high blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes also with an absolute insulin deficiency. This form was previously referred to as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or “adult-onset diabetes”.

In the prophylaxis, diagnosis and management of osteoporosis, the assessment of fracture risk and monitoring of treatment response are two of the most important aspects. Therefore, analysis of bone mass by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is currently the only clinical parameter of the skeleton that is routinely analyzed in clinical practice and part of the WHO FRAX questionnaire (Kanis et al., 2013). However, due to the lacking correlation with bone strength and bone metabolism (Cefalu, 2004), age- and site-dependent differences in bone density, the assessment of the T-Score (i.e. a comparison of a patient's BMD to that of a healthy thirty-year-old) in combination with other established clinical scores of fracture risk (Rubin et al., 2013) often does not improve the prediction of fracture risk. Particularly in case of patients suffering from type-2 diabetes there is no evidence for correlation between BMD and fracture risk, which demonstrates the need for alternative markers of fracture risk.

In order to estimate the rate of bone formation, bone resorption and therapeutic treatment response, few biochemical bone turnover markers (BTM) have been identified (Vasikaran et al., 2011), such as serum procollagen type I N propeptide (s-PINP), serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (s-CTX). While the correlation of these markers with bone metabolism has been established, their specificity and sensitivity for fracture risk prediction needs to be further validated. Therefore, only few countries have recommended to incorporate these biochemical markers into clinical practice (Vasikaran et al., 2011).

Other potential markers of bone metabolism may be derived from the signaling pathways that are known to play a major role in bone formation and resorption, such as WNT, BMP-2 or RANKL. For example, proteins derived from Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) or Sclerostin (SOST) genes can act as binding partners of WNT and WNT-receptors, thereby regulating its activity and subsequently bone formation (Canalis, 2013). However, the pre-analytical stability of these proteins in serum/plasma in response to diet, exercise and circadian rhythm is questionable, and so is the general significance for bone metabolism due to the fact that these proteins are produced in other tissues as well and might be regulated in response to other diseases. Especially in respect to certain types of cancer, WNT-signalling has been shown to drive the progression of disease (Anastas & Moon, 2013).

Recently, increased attention has been attributed to the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression (Bartel, 2009), in the control of bone metabolism (Dong, Yang, Guo, & Kang, 2012; Zhao et al., 2013). Several miRNAs have been shown to silence osteogenic inhibitors during stem cell differentiation into osteocytes (Trompeter et al., 2013), to regulate BMP2-mediated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation (Li et al., 2008), or to orchestrate the activity of WNT-signalling (Kapinas, Kessler, & Delany, 2009). Therefore, the potential of miRNAs as therapeutic agents for accelerating bone regeneration and/or as diagnostic tools for evaluating bone metabolism and fracture risk has recently been acknowledged (van Wijnen et al., 2013). The impressive stability of miRNA in serum and plasma even after being subjected to harsh conditions, the limited number of miRNAs (<500 found secreted in plasma/serum), their simple chemical composition, the lack of posttranscriptional modification and the availability of advanced and well established, highly sensitive screening techniques define miRNAs as excellent candidates for biomarkers. In fact, blood-circulating miRNAs have already been analyzed in the context of disease (Keller et al., 2011), especially cancer and cardiovascular disease, or non-pathological processes such as ageing (Weiner et al., 2013). A combination of miRNAs that can control the onset and progression of osteoporosis or can serve as surrogate markers for this pathological process, is a specific osteoporosis signature whose use would represent a non-invasive approach to predict the fracture risk as well as targets for therapeutic control of the progression of osteoporosis.

WO2013155085 suggests a diagnostic method for low bone mineral density that detects hsa-miR-133a in monocytes.

Recently, five freely circulating miRNAs and bone tissue miRNAs have been identified and implicated with osteoporotic fractures (Seeliger et al., 2014).

WO2007023306 describes the use of miRNA-223 for diagnosis of a bone disease.

Wang Y. et al., 2012, PlosOne, 7,4, e34641 report miR-133a as potential biomarker associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

WO2011144761 describes miR-31 for use in the treatment of bone disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the objective of the present invention, to broaden both the scope, specificity and validity in diagnosing osteoporosis or osteopenia and predicting fractures, and to provide novel agents for the therapy of osteoporosis by stabilizing bone homeostasis and accelerating fracture healing.

The problem is solved by the present invention.

The inventors have detected specific miRNAs that are up- or down-regulated in blood samples derived from patients with recent as well as non-recent osteoporotic fractures.

The present invention specifically provides a selected set of miRNAs that are specifically up- or down-regulated and are thus useful as valuable biomarkers and represent a diagnostic signature applicable both over a broad range of bone disease stages and age groups.

According to the invention there is provided an in vitro method of diagnosing osteoporosis, determining the risk of osteoporotic fractures or monitoring of treatment success in a subject, comprising the steps of:

a) providing a blood or serum sample from said subject;

b) measuring the level of two or more miRNAs selected from any of

1. group II miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-miR-1227-3p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-542-5p, hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p, hsa-miR-941, and hsa-miR-942 or isoforms or variants thereof, and/or

2. group III miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-627, hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p, and hsa-miR-98-5p or isoforms or variants thereof, and/or

3. group I miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-574-3p, or isoforms or variants thereof in said serum or blood sample and

c) comparing the level of said miRNAs with the level of the corresponding miRNA in a reference blood or serum sample from a healthy individual,

wherein a difference by more than 1.5 fold in said level when compared to the reference sample is indicative of osteoporosis or the risk of fractures, specifically of osteoporotic fractures.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the level of said miRNAs can be compared with the average level of corresponding miRNAs in healthy subjects, specifically in a pool of samples derived from healthy subjects, wherein a difference by more than one standard deviations, specifically by about 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, specifically about 2 standard deviations or more is indicative of osteoporosis with increased risk of future fractures, specifically of osteoporotic fractures.

According to a further embodiment, a difference by more than 2.5 standard deviations, specifically about 3, specifically about 3.5, specifically more than 3.5 standard deviations is indicative of osteoporosis with high risk of future fractures, specifically of osteoporotic fractures.

Thus it is within the embodiment of the invention to use either a single reference sample from a healthy subject or a pool of samples derived from healthy subjects for comparison with the respective sample from a subject to be diagnosed. Said pool can consist of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more samples, specifically up to 10, 100 or more than 100 blood samples from different individuals.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, an in vitro method of diagnosing osteoporosis or predicting the risk of fractures in selected subjects or subject populations is provided, comprising the steps of:

a. providing a blood sample from a subject which is not suffering from or not having a predisposition to develop diabetes mellitus, specifically diabetes mellitus type II,

b. measuring the level of two or more miRNAs selected from any of group I miRNAs and/or group II miRNAs as specifically listed above and optionally, in addition

c. one or more further miRNAs that are differentially regulated in osteoporotic individuals as compared to healthy individuals, and/or that are involved in osteogenic differentiation and/or in osteoclastogenic activation; and

d. comparing the level of said miRNAs, or isoforms and variants thereof with the average level in a cohort of healthy individuals, wherein a difference by more than one standard deviations, specifically about 1.5, specifically about 2 standard deviations compared to the reference is indicative of osteoporosis with increased risk of future osteoporotic fractures, while a difference by more than 2.5 standard deviations, specifically about 3, specifically about 3.5, more specifically more than 3.5 standard deviations is indicative of osteoporosis with high risk of future fractures.

In a further specific embodiment of the invention, an in vitro method of diagnosing osteoporosis or predicting the risk of fractures in selected subject populations is provided, comprising the steps of:

a) providing a blood sample from a subject which is diagnosed of suffering from or has a predisposition to develop diabetes mellitus, specifically diabetes mellitus type II,

b) measuring the level of two or more miRNAs selected from group III miRNAs as specifically listed above and optionally, in addition

c) one or more further miRNAs that are differentially regulated in osteoporotic individuals as compared to healthy individuals, and/or that are involved in osteogenic differentiation and/or in osteoclastogenic activation; and

d) comparing the level of said miRNAs, or isoforms and variants thereof with the average level in a cohort or pool of healthy individuals, wherein a difference by more than one standard deviations, specifically about 1.5, specifically about 2 standard deviations compared to the reference is indicative of osteoporosis with increased risk of future osteoporotic fractures, while a difference by more than 2.5 standard deviations, specifically about 3, specifically about 3.5, more specifically more than 3.5 standard deviations is indicative of osteoporosis with high risk of future fractures.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the level of two or more human miRNAs from group I miRNAs are measured according to the method of the invention. Specifically, the level of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 miRNAs of group I are determined and compared with the level of a standard reference sample which may be a single sample or a pool of samples from healthy donors.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the level of said two or more human miRNAs from group II miRNAs are measured according to the method of the invention. Specifically, the level of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 or 48 miRNAs of group II are determined and compared with the level of a standard reference sample which may be a single sample or a pool of samples from healthy donors.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the level of said two or more human miRNAs from group III miRNAs are measured according to the method of the invention. Specifically, the level of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 or 74 miRNAs of group III are determined and compared with the level of a standard reference sample which may be a single sample or a pool of samples from healthy donors.

Also any combinations of measurements of the miRNA levels of said group I, group II, and group III miRNAs as listed above are of course incorporated in the scope of the present invention.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the level of at least 3, preferably at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, . . . up to 136 miRNAs of any of groups I, II or III is measured.

According to a specific embodiment of the invention, the level of all miRNAs of any of group I and/or group II and/or group III miRNAs is measured.

According to a specific aspect, a method is provided, wherein the level of hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b and hsa-miR-143-3p, is measured.

A further specific aspect is to provide the inventive method, wherein the level of hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-941, and hsa-miR-942 is measured.

According to a further aspect of the inventive method, the levels of at least two of hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-942 and hsa-miR-155-5p are measured specifically for diagnosis of osteoporosis or determining the risk of fractures in individuals, specifically post-menopausal women that have no signs of diabetes mellitus type 2 disease. Optionally, said at least two miRNAs as listed above can be measured in combination with at least one of hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p and hsa-miR-582-3p.

In yet a further aspect of the present invention, the levels of at least two of miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p and miR-486-3p are measured specifically for diagnosis of osteoporosis or determining the risk of fractures in individuals, specifically post-menopausal women that suffer from diabetes mellitus disease. Optionally, said at least two miRNAs as listed above can be measured in combination with at least one of hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-39, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p.

In a further aspect, one or more further miRNAs are detected by the method of the invention, wherein said miRNAs are

i) differentially regulated in osteoporotic individuals as compared to healthy individuals and are

ii) involved in osteogenic differentiation and/or in osteoclastogenic activation.

In yet a further embodiment, additional miRNAs are detected, which are selected from group IV miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-100, hsa-miR-124a, hsa-miR-148a, hsa-miR-23a, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-22-3p and hsa-miR-93.

In a further embodiment of the invention further miRNAs are measured in the inventive method which are selected from group V miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-199a-5p, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-217, hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-335-5p, hsa-miR-34c, hsa-miR-370-3p, hsa-miR-3960, hsa-miR-503-5p, or isoforms and variants thereof.

According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, a method is provided to determine whether a subject has osteoporosis or is at risk of developing osteoporosis comprising the steps of:

a) providing a blood or serum sample from said subject;

b) measuring the level of two or more miRNAs selected from any of group II, III or I miRNAs, or any of the other above listed miRNAs or isoforms or variants thereof in said serum or blood sample and

c) comparing the level of said miRNAs with the level of the corresponding miRNA in a reference blood or serum sample from a healthy individual,

d) treating osteoporosis in the subject showing a difference of more than 1.5 fold in said level of miRNAs when compared to the reference sample.

In a further embodiment, the subjects are osteopenia patients suffering from or being at risk of developing bone fractures, or patients being at risk of or suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus, wherein said subjects receive treatment if the level of two or more of the respective miRNAs as listed above show a enhancement or reduction of more than 1.5 fold when compared to the reference sample.

The present invention thus also provides a method for monitoring a subject and/or for the prognosis of bone fraction, specifically of osteoporotic bone fraction.

The inventive method can be used as standard testing for any subjects where a risk for fractures shall be determined, specifically said subjects are osteoporosis patients suffering from or being at risk of developing bone fractures, or patients being at risk of or suffering from diabetes mellitus, specifically from type 2 diabetes mellitus.

According to a specific embodiment of the invention, the difference in miRNA levels is determined by quantitative or digital PCR, DNA/RNA sequencing, microarray, Luminex™ luminescence based nucleic acid assays, or other hybridization-based techniques.

The present invention also provides a composition for use in treating or preventing osteoporosis or fractures consisting of the

a) replacement of endogenous microRNAs using at least one, specifically at least two isolated, synthetic human miRNAs including isoforms from miRNA groups I, II or III and/or

b) inhibition and/or degradation of at least two of miRNAs of groups I, II or III by administration of synthetic antagonists/inhibitor molecules which

-   -   i. bind, cleave and therefore decrease the level of said miRNAs;         and/or     -   ii. bind and sequester the target miRNA, therefore         down-regulating expression of the sequences coding for said         miRNAs.

Specifically ribozymes may be used therfore.

Specifically, said composition can be used in the preparation of a medicament.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, a method for treating or preventing osteoporosis or fractures in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of

a) at least two isolated human miRNAs from miRNA groups I, II or III and/or

b) an antagonist/inhibitor of at least two of miRNAs of groups I, II or III that

-   -   i) decreases the level of said miRNAs; and/or     -   ii) inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences         coding for said miRNAs.

FIGURES

FIG. 1: Multivariate classification models. a) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for classification of post-menopausal women with non-recent fractures (Fx) from control patients (Co), based on combinations of 1-4 miRNAs: hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3, hsa-miR-942, and hsa-miR-155-5p. b) Boxplots representing normalized Cp-values of the miRNAs from a) in serum samples of post-menopausal women with and without non-recent osteoporotic fractures. c) ROC curves for classification of type-2 diabetic women suffering from non-recent osteoporotic fractures (DMFx) from diabetic control patients without fractures (DM), based on combinations of 1-4 miRNAs: miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-486-3p. d) Boxplots representing normalized Cp-values of the miRNAs in c) in serum samples of DMFx vs DM samples.

FIG. 2: Multivariate classification models: Expansion or replacement of 4-parameter models by additional miRNA improves classification performance. a) Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women without type-2 diabetes: the effect of combining the analysis of hsa-miR-188-3p with up to 9 miRNAs on the classification of female fracture patients is shown as AUC values derived from ROC-analysis. b) Osteoporosis in patients with type-2 diabetes: the effect of combining the analysis of miR-550a-5p with up to 9 microRNAs on the classification of female fracture patients with type-2 diabetes is shown as AUC values from ROC-analysis. AUC=1.0 presents a perfect classification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Osteogenic differentiation is defined as the process during which a mesenchymal stem cell or adipose tissue derived stem cell becomes activated to proliferate and differentiate into an osteoblast. This process is characterized by secretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), changes in gene expression such as Osteocalcin, RUNX2, ALP, and elevated calcium incorporation.

Osteoclastogenic formation is defined as the process during which monocytes (i.e. macrophages) are activated by RANKL and M-CSF to form osteoclasts, which are characterized by release of H⁺, specific proteases and other enzymes such as tartreate resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP), Cathepsin K, which assist in bone resorption.

As used herein, the term “blood sample” refers to serum, plasma, whole blood and its components, blood derived products or preparations. Plasma and serum are very useful as shown in the examples.

As used herein, the term “subject” or “individual” or “patient” shall refer to a warm-blooded mammalian, particularly a human being.

The term “patient” includes human and other mammalian subjects that receive either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment or are diagnosed of a specific disease, like but not limited to osteoporosis or diabetes mellitus.

The term “treatment” is thus meant to include both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment.

As used therein, the term “cohort of individuals” or “pool of individuals” shall refer to a group of healthy individuals and may specifically refer to the samples received from said individuals. The number of individuals of a cohort can vary, i.e. it may comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more individuals, however it also may be a larger group of subjects, like for example but not limited to 10, 50, 100 or more individuals. According to the embodiment of the invention the cohort may also comprise large cohorts of 500 or more individuals.

According to the invention, the term “about” encompasses the explicitly recited values as well as small deviations therefrom. Accordingly, a deviation from a recited value for 10%, preferably 5%, preferably 1% is encompassed by the term “about”. According to the invention, subjects with primary osteoporosis (post-menopausal) with mean ages of about 60 years were assessed, which stands in contrast to bone loss and fracture risk due to senile osteoporosis, which affects subjects of about 70 years or older.

The term “treatment success” as used herein is defined as maintaining the bone density or delaying the process of osteoporosis and decreasing the risk of breaking a bone (osteoporotic fracture) as a result of osteoporosis. Hence, a marker that predicts treatment success should be preferentially related to the clinical outcome for a patient, i.e. the reduction in fracture risk. Moderate treatment success reduces fracture risk by about 25% up to about 50%. High treatment success results in a risk reduction by more than 50%.

The present invention provides selected miRNAs for use in a method for diagnosing osteoporosis, determining the risk of developing osteoporotic lesions or fractures or monitoring the treatment in subjects undergoing therapy, specifically osteoporosis or diabetes treatment.

Said miRNAs are hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-1227-3p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-542-5p, hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-627, hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p and hsa-miR-98-5p- or isoforms or variants thereof.

The detection of an increase or decrease of the level of two or more of said miRNAs compared to the level in healthy subjects can be used for predicting a risk of osteoporosis or fractures in a subject.

Specifically, measuring an increase of the level of group I miRNAs, specifically of two or more of said miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-574-3p, or isoforms or variants thereof can be a specific indicative for osteoporosis or risk for developing osteoporosis. Said increase or decrease of miRNAs is specifically based on data derived from blood or serum levels in subjects who were suffering from recent fractures.

Specifically, measuring an increase of the level of group II miRNAs, specifically of two or more of said miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-miR-1227-3p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-542-5p, hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942 or isoforms or variants thereof, can be used as a specific indicative for osteoporosis or risk of osteoporosis Said increase or decrease of miRNAs is specifically based on data derived from blood or serum levels in subjects who were suffering from non-recent fractures.

According to a specific embodiment, hsa-miR-188 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-382 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-155 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-502 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-136 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-203 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-550 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

Specifically, measuring an increase of the level of group III miRNAs, specifically of two or more of said miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-627, hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p and hsa-miR-98-5p or isoforms or variants thereof can be a specific indicative for osteoporosis or risk for developing osteoporosis or risk of bone lesions or fractures in subjects who are suffering from type II diabetes.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-32 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-486 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-96 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

According to a further specific embodiment, hsa-miR-942 is combined with at least one of miRNAs of groups II or III.

Specifically, the measurement or detection of the levels of additional miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-100, hsa-miR-124a, hsa-miR-148a, hsa-miR-23a, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-22-3p and hsa-miR-93 or isoforms or variants thereof in combination with at least two of any of group I, II or III miRNAs can be a further indicative for osteoporosis or risk for developing osteoporosis or risk of bone lesions or fractures in subjects.

Specifically, the measurement or detection of the levels of additional miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-199a-5p, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-217, hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-335-5p, hsa-miR-34c, hsa-miR-370-3p, hsa-miR-3960, hsa-miR-503-5p, or isoforms and variants thereof in combination with at least two of any of group I, II or III miRNAs can be a further indication for osteoporosis or risk for developing osteoporosis or risk of bone lesions or fractures in subjects.

Specifically, different levels of at least two of miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-155-5p, and miR-942 compared with the level of healthy subjects are indicative of fracture risk in post-menopausal women without type-2 diabetes. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of fracture risk and/or osteoporosis in this group of patients can further be improved by including additional miRNA markers selected from hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p, and/or hsa-miR-582-3p into the analysis. Specific embodiments, but not limited thereto, are combinations of markers:

miR-188-3p and miR-382-3p;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p and miR-942;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-155-5p, and miR-942;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-942, hsa-miR-502-5p and hsa-miR-136-3p;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-942, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-136-3p and hsa-miR-502-5p;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-942, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-942, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p and hsa-miR-181a-3p;

miR-188-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-942, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p and hsa-miR-378a-5p.

According to further alternative embodiments, different levels of at least two of miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-486-3p compared with the level of healthy subjects are indicative of fracture risk in post-menopausal women suffering from type-2 diabetes. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of fracture risk and/or osteoporosis in this group of patients can further be improved by including additional miRNA markers selected from hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p. Specific embodiments, but not limited thereto, are combinations of markers:

miR-550a-5p and miR-32-3p;

miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p and miR-96-5p;

miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p and miR-486-3p;

miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-486-3p and hsa-miR-203a;

miR-550a-5p, miR-96-5p hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p and hsa-miR-500a-5p;

miR-550a-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-32-3p hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-143-5p, miR 532-3p and hsa-miR-92-3p; miR-550a-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p;

miR-550a-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, miR-16-2-3p, hsa-let-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p;

miR-550a-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-486-3p, miR 532-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-203a, miR-16-2-3p, hsa-let-7-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p.

As used herein, the term “microRNA” or “miRNA” or “miR” designates a non-coding RNA molecule of between 17 and 25 nucleotides which hybridizes to and regulates the expression of a coding messenger RNA. The term “miRNA molecule” refers to any nucleic acid molecule representing the miRNA, including natural miRNA molecules, i.e. the mature miRNA, pre-miRNA, pri-miRNA.

“miR precursor”, “pre-miRNA” or “pre-miR” designates a non-coding RNA having a hairpin structure, which contains a miRNA. A pre-miRNA is the product of cleavage of a primary mi-RNA transcript, or “pri-miR” by the double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease known as Drosha. The precursors may be forms of the respective polynucleotides as they occur during maturation of the respective polynucleotides. Specifically, examples of said precursors are listed in tables 2 to 4, specifically they are of SEQ ID Nos. 16 to 30, 78 to 124, 270, 197 to 268, 272 and/or 274.

Nucleotide sequences of mature miRNAs and their respective precursors are known in the art and available from the database miRBase at http://www.mirbase.org/index.shtml or from Sanger database at http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/sequences/ftp.shtml. The nucleotide sequences are also specifically disclosed in tables 2 to 4 including reference to the respective gene bank accession numbers.

Identical polynucleotides as used herein in the context of a polynucleotide to be detected or inhibited in contect of the present invention may have a nucleic acid sequence with an identity of at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% to a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 15, 269, 31 to 77, 125 to 196, 271 and/or 273.

Furthermore, identical polynucleotides as used herein in the context of a polynucleotide to be detected or inhibited in context of the present invention may have a nucleic acid sequence with an identity of at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% to a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 15, 269, 31 to 77, 125 to 196, 271 and/or 273 including one, two, three or more nucleotides of the corresponding pre-miRNA sequence at the 5′ end and/or the 3′ end of the respective seed sequence.

For the purpose of the invention, “isoforms and variants” (which have also be termed “isomirs”) of a reference miRNA include trimming variants (5′ trimming variants in which the 5′ dicing site is upstream or downstream from the reference miRNA sequence; 3′ trimming variants: the 3′ dicing site is upstream or downstream from the reference miRNA sequence), or variants having one or more nucleotide modifications (3′ nucleotide addition to the 3′ end of the reference miRNA; nucleotide substitution by changing nucleotides from the miRNA precursor), or the complementary mature microRNA strand including its isoforms and variants (for example for a given 5′ mature microRNA the complementary 3′ mature microRNA and vice-versa). With regard to nucleotide modification, the nucleotides relevant for RNA/RNA binding, i.e. the 5′-seed region and nucleotides at the cleavage/anchor side are exempt from modification.

In the following, if not otherwise stated, the term “miRNA” encompasses 3p and 5p strands and also its isoforms and variants.

Specifically, the term “miR-respective_number-3p” as used herein in the specification also encompasses its complementary 5p miRNA and vice versa.

In specific embodiments, the miRNAs of interest are detected using a nucleotide that hybridizes, preferably under stringent conditions, with said miRNA of interest and measuring the hybridization signal.

In a preferred embodiment, the level of the miRNAs of interest is determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR methods are well known in the art and widely used, they include quantitative real time PCR, semi-quantitative PCR, multiplex PCR, digital PCR, or any combination thereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the levels of miRNAs are determined by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Methods of determining the levels of miRNAs using qRT-PCR are known in the art, and are usually preceded by reverse transcription of a miRNA into a cDNA.

In the PCR methods useful in the present invention, the primers are usually based on the mature miRNA molecule, but may include chemical modifications to optimize hybridization behavior.

qRT-PCR methods may determine an absolute level of expression of a miRNA. Alternatively, qRT-PCR methods may determine the relative quantity of a miRNA. The relative quantity of a miRNA may be determined by normalizing the level of the miRNA to the level of one or more internal standard nucleic acid sequences. In general, such internal standard nucleic acid sequences should have a constant level in the analyzed blood or serum sample. For instance, internal standard nucleic acid sequences may be constitutively transcribed RNA nucleic acid sequences such as mRNAs like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-actin (ACTB), or non-coding RNAs such as 5S and 18S ribosomal RNA, RNU48, RNU44, and RNU6. In addition miRNAs that have constant and high levels in serum or plasma, such as miR-23a-3p, miR-23b-3p, miR-15-5p or miR-16-5p can be used as references for relative quantification. In addition, synthetic RNA sequences added in an equimolar amount during RNA isolation or cDNA synthesis can be used as references for relative quantification of specific mi RNAs.

An overview of real time PCR quantification methods useful in the present invention is given by Schmittgen et al., 2008, Methods. January; 44(1): 31-38.

Primers for detection of miRNAs are commercially available, e.g. as microRNA LNA™ PCR primer sets from Exiqon.

Since miRNAs are relatively short molecules, it may be useful, as suggested, e.g. in WO2011/14476, to lengthen them by adding adenosine monomers to the strand (a technique known as polyadenylation) before reverse transcription and amplification. Briefly, the RNA may be extracted from the sample by a suitable reagent (e.g. Trizol reagent), polyadenylated in the presence of ATP and poly(A) polymerase, reverse transcribed into cDNA using a poly(T) adapter and 5′ RACE sequence, and amplified using a forward primer derived from the 3′ end of the miRNA and a reverse RACE primer. Improvements of this technique include designing the RACE primer with a nucleotide at its 3′ end (constituting an A, C, or G, but not a T, so to exclude priming anywhere on the polyA sequence and enforce priming on the miRNA sequence) or RACE primers which are anchored at the 3′ cDNA end of a specific microRNA using 2, 3, 4, or more nucleotides with or without chemical modification.

The detection of a miRNA may also be achieved by other methods known in the art, e.g. those described in WO2011/14476, like by the deep sequencing method, bead-based quantification, e.g. Illumina bead-arrays, hydrogel-particle based quantification, e.g. Firefly™, by microarray technology, e.g. the Ncode™ human miRNA array available from Invitrogen, chip arrays available from Affymetrix, Agilent, or microarrays which employ LNA-backbone capture probes (miRCURY LNA™ arrays), e.g., from Exiqon.

The difference in miRNA levels can also be determined using multiplex chemiluminescence-based nucleic acid assays such as Panomics, or reporter plasmid assays (“biosensors”) containing reporter proteins with microRNA-complementary regulatory sites, or other hybridization-based techniques known in the art.

The use of miRNAs in a method of the invention is useful for diagnosing bone disorders associated with low bone mineral density (due to aberrant bone metabolism which is reflected in secreted miRNAs) like osteoporosis and, in particular, for assessing the risk of osteoporotic fractures.

The present invention specifically provides a set of miRNAs that represent a diagnostic signature applicable both over a broad range of bone disease stages and age groups. In particular, detection of miRNAs a), which are differentially regulated in the blood or serum of younger patients than those recruited by Seeliger et al., supra, b), which are differentially regulated in patients with non-recent fractures, and/or c), which are differentially regulated in type-2 diabetes patients with non-recent fractures, provides a diagnostic and predictive tool that has a higher significance for early diagnosis, long-term prognosis, and screening of patients with high risk of fractures.

Biomarkers with prognostic value for disease progression are of utmost importance to minimize the occurrence of severe osteoporotic fractures. Currently, a high incidence in osteoporotic fractures can be attributed to unspecific diagnostic methods that are largely based on bone imaging and routine clinical parameters and overt characteristics such as sex, age, life style and family history and FRAX™ scores. Evaluation of these parameters are however, not directly relevant for bone metabolism and osteoblast/osteoclast activity. Therefore high variation in the individual fracture-risk persists, albeit general guidelines that involve FRAX™ and BMD. Early diagnosis using microRNAs relies on a read out of bone metabolism and thus the pathophysiology of the diseases itself. This analysis is therefore more specific to the individual patient.

According to another aspect, the invention relates to therapeutical compositions for the treatment of bone fractures and bone disorders like osteoporosis, or in the context of type-2 diabetes, in particular for the prevention or healing of fractures.

Specifically, a composition can comprise

a. at least one, specifically at least two isolated or synthetic human miRNAs from miRNAs hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-1227-3p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-542-5p, hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-627, hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-98-5p or isoforms and variants thereof and/or

b. an antagonist/inhibitor of at least one, specifically at least two of miRNAs of hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-1227-3p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-542-5p, hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-627, hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-98-5p, or isoforms and variants thereof that

-   -   i decreases the level of said miRNAs; and/or     -   ii inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding         for said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves said miRNAs, specifically         selected from ribozymes.

According to another aspect, the composition further contains one or more miRNAs selected from hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-199a-5p, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-217, hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-335-5p, hsa-miR-34c, hsa-miR-370-3p, hsa-miR-3960, hsa-miR-503-5p, or isoforms and variants thereof, as defined herein, or inhibitors or antagonists thereof that decrease the level of said miRNAs; and/or

inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding for said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves said miRNAs, specifically selected from ribozymes.

According to another aspect, the composition further contains one or more miRNAs selected from hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-155-5p, optionally in combination with hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p or isoforms and variants thereof, as defined herein, or inhibitors or antagonists thereof that decrease the level of said miRNAs; and/or

inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding for said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves said miRNAs, specifically selected from ribozymes.

According to yet another aspect the composition further contains one or more miRNAs selected from miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-486-3p, optionally in combination with hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p 3p or isoforms and variants thereof, as defined herein, or inhibitors or antagonists thereof that decrease the level of said miRNAs; and/or

inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding for said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves said miRNAs, specifically selected from ribozymes.

These miRNAs or their inhibitors/antagonists respectively, may be used in combination with the miRNAs listed in the paragraph above or as single components or in any combination thereof.

Whether the miRNA itself or an inhibitor/antagonist thereof is incorporated as the active ingredient in the therapeutical composition not only depends on whether such miRNA is up- or down-regulated in a patient at risk of an osteoporotic fracture, but on its specific function in osteogenic differentiation or in osteoclastogenic activation. By way of example, if a miRNA, which functions as an inhibitor of osteogenic differentiation, is found upregulated in osteoporosis, as shown in table 1 or specifically, as known for miR 31-5p, or if it functions as a promoter of osteoclastogenesis like miR-148a-5p, an inhibitor/antagonist of such miRNA will be the active ingredient in the composition of the invention.

In the following, if not otherwise stated, the term “miRNA therapeutic” is used for both the miRNA itself and the respective miRNA inhibitor/antagonist.

A miRNA therapeutic is generally based on the sequence of the targeted mature miRNA. Therapeutics for miRNA replacement therapies need to share most of the sequence of the mature miRNA which is substituted. Exact sequence homology is required in the 5′ seed region of the miRNA. Therapeutics designed to specifically inhibit miRNA function (anti-microRNA oligonucleotides, AMO) need to be complementary to the targeted sequence so that a stable hybridization and hence sequestration of the miRNA is achieved. AMOs may contain chemical modifications which cause stable RNA duplex formation, such as a phosphorothioate backbone, or LNA and 2′OMe modifications of the sugar residues, respectively.

Whether a miRNA that is up- or downregulated in serum/plasma of subjects with bone disorders, may be causally related to the disease due to its function in bone formation, can be determined by assessing the effect of these miRNAs on osteogenic differentiation: synthetic microRNA transfection in mesenchymal stem cells is performed prior to the initiation of osteogenic differentiation. Using assays that quantitate the early osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP), e.g. by qPCR, western blot, or enzymatically, or assays determining calcium deposition, e.g. by Alizarin staining, as described by Deng et al. (Deng et al., 2014), conclusions about the importance of a miRNA for bone formation can be drawn.

Alternatively, a miRNA therapeutic may be routinely tested for usefulness in the present invention by transfecting MSCs or, as a model for MSCs, adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs), with mammalian vector constructs containing the DNA sequence encoding the miRNA therapeutic and determining its effect on osteogenic differentiation as described above.

MSCs and ASCs may be obtained by known methods, e.g. as described by Wolbank et al., 2007 (Tissue Eng 13, 1173-1183) and Wolbank et al., 2009 (Tissue Eng Part A 15, 1843-1854).

A miRNA that is confirmed to be involved in bone regeneration and thus to promote bone healing, is useful as the active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.

Whether a miRNA that is up- or downregulated in serum/plasma of subjects with bone disorders, may be causally related to the disease due to its function in bone resorption, can be determined by assessing the effect of these miRNAs on osteoclast formation: synthetic microRNA transfection in CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells is performed prior to the initiation of osteoclast formation through RANKL and M-CSF. Using assays that quantitate osteoclast markers such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, Calcitonin receptor and RANK expression, conclusions about the importance of a miRNA for bone resorption can be drawn. A miRNA can be obtained from a miR precursor using intact cells or cell lysates or it can be produced in vitro using isolated processing enzymes, such as isolated Drosha/Dgcr8 and Dicer. A miRNA may also be produced by chemical synthesis, without having been processed from a miR precursor.

Antagonists/inhibitors of miRNAs are well known in the art and customized miRNA inhibitors are commercially available. For example, antagonists/inhibitors of in context of the present invention may be nucleic acid molecules such as antagomiRs (Kriitzfeldt, Nature (2005), 438: 685-689) or any other T-O-methyl-RNA oligonucleotide having phosphorothioates bonds and a cholesterol tail, miRCURY LNA™ microRNA inhibitors (Exiqon), in vivo LNA™ miRNA inhibitors (Exiqon), tiny LNAs (Obad, Nat Genet (2011), 43(4): 371-378), miR-decoys or miR-sponges (Ebert, Nat Methods (2007), 4: 721-726; Bond, Nat Med (2008), 14: 1271-1277) or the like. An antagonist/inhibitor might also be or derived from miRNA degrading enzymes as described in Chatterjee, Nature (2009), 461: 546-9, hammerhead ribozymes as described in Tedeschi, Drug Discov Today (2009), 14: 776-783, or antogomirzymes as described in Jadhav, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl (2009), 48(14): 2557-2560. In context of the present invention, the antagmiRs, miCURY LNA™ microRNA inhibitors, in vivo LNA™ miR inhibitors, tiny LNAs, miR decoys or miR sponges.

In a further embodiment, the active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition is selected according to the principles of so-called “personalized medicine”, i.e. correlated with the results of the diagnostic method of the invention, which would, in this case, be a so-called “companion” diagnostic. This means that the decision over therapeutic administration of a miRNA with the aim to either substitute or inhibit a specific miRNA, is closely linked to an accompanying diagnostic procedure where the level of the specific miRNA is analyzed in an individual.

Osteoclast-specific promoters such as Calcitonin receptor (CalcR), RANK (receptor activator of NFkB), colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (c-Fms), and Cathepsin K (CathK) may be used.

In embodiments of local administration, e.g. for accelerating bone healing after a fracture, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the miRNA therapeutic may be delivered to the site of interest by means of viral or nonviral vectors or as naked DNA or RNA. As reviewed by Pelled et al., 2010 (Tissue Engineering: Part B, Volume 16, No. 1, 13-20), localization of the therapeutic molecule within the fracture site may be assured either by physical placement at the target site or by gene release from a three dimensional biomaterial implanted at or near the defect area, including biological glues such as polymers of fibrinogen and thrombin. Useful physical placement methods include direct injection of the miRNA, or lipid-microRNA complexes formed from agents such as Polyethylenimine (PEI) therapeutic into the fracture site. Preferably, in order for the nucleic acid molecule to penetrate cells in situ, it is delivered in complexed state using such as liposomes or PEI. Alternatively, the miRNA could be transcribed by a virus. Preferably, an adenoviral vector is used, as described for expressing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) by Egermann et al., 2006 (Hum Gene Ther. May; 17 (5):507-17).

Alternatively to using a vector, in vivo electroporation or sonoporation may be used to deliver the therapeutic locally. Using these methods, the miRNA or the miRNA-encoding DNA molecule is directly injected into a fracture and an electric pulse or ultrasonic wave is applied to the site either trans- or percutaneously. Said miRNAs or antagonists/inhibitors thereof may also be part of fibrin sealants, specifically used for bone repair and regeneration.

In a further embodiment, mesenchymal stem cells derived from any source, including but not limited to bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical tissue, urine, or placenta, genetically engineered to overexpress or suppress the therapeutic miRNA may be implanted at the defect site (Marie, 2011, Osteoporos Int 22:2023-2026, Deng et al., supra).

In an alternative embodiment, localizing the miRNA therapeutic at the site of interest, e.g. the fracture site, e.g. by transgene expression, is achieved by first binding the miRNA therapeutic DNA/RNA to a delivery system (e.g. by adsorption, entrapment or immobilization, or by covalent binding; Luginbuehl et al., 2004, Eur J Pharm Biopharm 58:197-208) and then implanting the gene-activated matrix (GAM) into the defect site, e.g. as described by Fang et al., 1996 (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 5753).

Useful matrices (GAMs, “gene-activated matrices”) have been described in the context with matrices for the delivery of the miRNA. Also when the therapeutically active miRNA or an inhibitor/antagonist thereof is administered locally, either as such or incorporated in a matrix, it may advantageously be linked to a bone-targeting molecule. This may be accomplished by linking the delivery vehicle, e.g. a liposome, which is used to complex the miRNA therapeutic, with the bone-targeting molecule. In the case that a nucleic acid molecule is to be administered locally, incorporation of the bone-targeting molecule is achieved by linking it to the surface of the delivery vehicle. The same applies for a CPP.

Any miRNA therapeutic of the invention, either containing the miRNA molecule or the nucleic acid molecule encoding it, or an antisense inhibitor, may be combined with one or more other agents e.g. teriparatide, denosumab, blosozumab, romosozumab, bisphosphonates such as alendronate, zolendronate, or one or more bone growth factors or the respective encoding nucleic acid molecules, e.g. a BMP like BMP-2 and/or BMP-7, or RNAs, like e.g. RNAs antagonizing miR-31.

The invention furthermore comprises the following items:

1. An in vitro method of diagnosing osteoporosis or determining the risk of osteoporotic fractures or monitoring of treatment success in a subject, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a blood sample from said subject;     -   b) measuring the level of two or more miRNAs selected from any         of         -   i. group II miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-188-3p,             hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-miR-1227-3p,             hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p,             hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p,             hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-192-5p,             hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p,             hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p,             hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p,             hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p,             hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-369-3p,             hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p,             hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-495-3p,             hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-542-5p,             hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p,             hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p,             hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942 or isoforms or variants thereof,             and/or         -   ii. group III miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-181a-5p,             hsa-miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-5p,             hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p,             hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p,             hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p,             hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p,             hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p,             hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p,             hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p,             hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p,             hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p,             hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20a-5p,             hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-25-3p,             hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b,             hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-330-3p,             hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p,             hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-451a,             hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p,             hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p,             hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p,             hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-627,             hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p,             hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p,             hsa-miR-98-5p or isoforms or variants thereof and/or         -   iii. group I miRNAs consisting of hsa-miR-10a-5p,             hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p,             hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p,             hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p,             hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-574-3p, or isoforms             or variants thereof in said blood sample and either     -   c) comparing the level of said miRNAs with the level of the         corresponding miRNA in a reference blood sample from a healthy         individual,     -   wherein a difference by more than 1.5 fold in said level when         compared to the reference sample is indicative of osteoporosis         and an elevated risk of osteoporotic fractures or     -   d) comparing the level of said miRNAs with the average level of         corresponding miRNAs in healthy subjects, wherein a difference         by more than one standard deviations is indicative of         osteoporosis with an increased risk of future osteoporotic         fractures.

2. The method according to item 1, wherein the difference of more than 2.5-fold is indicative of osteoporosis with a high risk of future osteoporotic fractures.

3. The method according to item 1 or 2, wherein the level of said two or more human miRNAs are selected from group I miRNAs.

4. The method according to item 1 to 3, wherein the level of said two or more human miRNAs are selected from group II miRNAs.

5. The method according to item 1 to 4, wherein the level of said two or more human miRNAs are selected group III miRNAs.

6. The method according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the level of at least three, preferably at least four, preferably at least 5 miRNAs of any of groups I, II or III is measured.

7. The method according to item 1 or 2, wherein the level of all miRNAs of any of group I and/or group II and/or group III miRNAs is measured.

8. The method according to any one of items 1 or 2, wherein the levels of hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, are measured.

9. The method according to any one of items 1 or 2, wherein the level of hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-941, and hsa-miR-942 are measured.

10. The method according to item 1 or 2, wherein the levels of at least two of hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-155-5p are measured.

11. The method according to item 10, wherein the levels of at least one further miR selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p are measured.

12. The method according to item 1 or 2, wherein the levels of at least two of miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-486-3p are measured.

13. The method according to item 12, wherein the levels of at least one further miRNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-532-3p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p is measured.

14. The method according to any one of items 1 to 13, wherein one or more further miRNAs are detected, said miRNAs being differentially regulated in osteoporotic individuals as compared to healthy individuals and involved in osteogenic differentiation and/or in osteoclastogenic activation.

15. The method according to any one of items 1 to 14, wherein said further miRNAs are selected from group IV miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-100, hsa-miR-124a, hsa-miR-148a, hsa-miR-23a, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-22-3p and hsa-miR-93.

16. The method according to any one of items 1 to 15, wherein said further miRNAs are selected from group V miRNAs, consisting of hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-199a-5p, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-217, hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-335-5p, hsa-miR-34c, hsa-miR-370-3p, hsa-miR-3960, hsa-miR-503-5p, or isoforms and variants thereof.

17. Use of a method according to any one of items 1 to 16 for monitoring a subject.

18. Use of a method according to any one of items 1 to 16 for the prognosis of bone fraction.

19. The method according to any one of items 1 to 16, wherein the subjects are osteoporosis patients suffering from or being at risk of developing bone fractures, or patients being at risk of or suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus.

20. The method according to any one of items 1 to 16, wherein the difference in miRNA levels is determined by quantitative or digital PCR, sequencing, microarray, Luminex nucleic acid assays, or other hybridization-based techniques.

21. Composition for use in treating or preventing osteoporosis or fractures comprising

at least two synthetic human miRNAs from miRNA groups I, II or III and/or

an antagonist/inhibitor of at least two of miRNAs of groups I, II or III that decreases the level of said miRNAs; and/or inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding for said miRNAs or degrades said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves said miRNAs.

22. Composition according to item 21 for use in the preparation of a medicament.

23. Method for treating or preventing osteoporosis or fractures in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of

at least two isolated human miRNAs from miRNA groups I, II or III and/or

an antagonist/inhibitor of at least two of miRNAs of groups I, II or III that

-   -   a. decreases the level of said miRNAs; and/or     -   b. inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding         for said miRNAs or degrades said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves         said miRNAs.

The examples described herein are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to be limitations thereon. Different embodiments of the present invention have been described according to the present invention. Many modifications and variations may be made to the techniques described and illustrated herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that the examples are illustrative only and are not limiting upon the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Circulating microRNAs in Response to Recent Femoral-Neck Fractures

Study Design

For the analysis of miRNAs in recent fractures the focus was put on patients younger than those selected by Seeliger et al., 2014, supra, since diagnosis preferentially occurs early during disease development, i.e. at younger age.

Ethical approval was granted by the upper Austrian ethics committee for the collection of serum samples from 14 subjects by centrifugation at room temperature at 2000×g for 15 minutes after incubation at room temperature for 30 minutes. Subjects were classified into two groups (n=7) based on prior occurrence of osteoporotic femoral fractures (FIG. 1a ). Of the analyzed characteristics such as age, body mass index (BMI), sampling interval after surgery, BMD T-Score, Vitamin D and PTH, only BMI showed significant differences.

RNA Isolation

Serum samples were frozen at −80° C. for long term storage. Upon RNA isolation, serum was thawed at 37° C., centrifuged at 12.000×g for 5 minutes to remove cellular debris and 200 μl serum were homogenized in 750 μl Qiazol containing 35 fmol synthetic cel-miR-39-3p spike-in control. RNA isolation was performed using chloroform and the miRNeasy isolation kit (Qiagen, Germany) for RNA precipitation and purification with the following deviations from the standard protocol: 200 μl plasma were homogenized in 750 μl Qiazol. Exactly 500 μl aqueous phase were taken, 1 μl Glycogen (Ambion, Tex.) was added to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml and precipitated with 750 μl 100% Ethanol. Columns were washed three times with RPE buffer and plasma-RNA was eluted once in 30 μl nuclease-free water and stored at −80° C. Quantitation of cel-miR-39-3p was performed in quadruplicates on a Qiagen Rotorgene using the respective Taqman microRNA Assay Kit and Mastermix (Applied Biosystems).

qPCR Analysis

Screening of miRNA expression was performed by Exiqon Inc. in Denmark using 384-well serum/plasma focus panels, which cover 175 distinct human miRNAs that have been repeatedly found to circulate in serum or plasma. First, 4 μl of isolated RNA were reverse transcribed in 20 μl reactions using the miRCURY LNA Universal RT reaction kit. UniSp3 and UniSp6 are synthetic controls that were added at this step and subsequently analyzed to detect presence of enzyme inhibitors. RT-reactions were diluted 50-fold prior to qPCR analysis and each miRNA was assayed once per sample in a 10 μl reaction using the Roche LC 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche, Germany).

Data Analysis

Melting curve analysis was performed and miRNA PCR reactions with more than one peak were excluded from the analysis. Amplification efficiencies were calculated using algorithms similar to the linreg software package. Efficiencies ranged between 1.8 and 2.1 for most miRNAs. Individual reactions that gave efficiencies <1.6 were excluded from the dataset. Background levels for each miRNA were generated by assaying a “no template” cDNA synthesis control on a full serum/plasma focus panel plate. The majority of miRNA assays did not yield any signal and background Cp was set to 42. We required every miRNA assay to exhibit signals >5 Cps lower than the background value to be included in the analysis. Normalization of Cp-values was performed based on the average Cp of the miRNA assays detected across all 14 samples (124 assays). Normfinder software was used to confirm that the stability of the average Cp was higher than the stability of any individual miRNA assay in the data set. The following equation was used for normalization: normalized Cp (dCp)=average Cp (124 assays)−assay Cp (sample). This results in a delta Cp (dCp) value, which is a relative log₂-transformed measure for expression where higher values indicate a higher concentration and lower dCp values indicate lower concentration in plasma.

Non-parametric t-statistics were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test and fold changes between the average expression values for each group were calculated. In total, fifteen miRNAs showed a high difference (Fold Change >1.5) between recent fracture and control samples.

Example 2: Circulating microRNAs in Patients with Prevalent or Incident Non-Recent Osteoporotic Fractures with and without Type-2 Diabetes

Study Design for Prevalent Osteoporotic Fractures

Serum samples of 74 postmenopausal women (17 controls without fracture history (Co), 19 controls with history of fragility fractures (Fx), 19 type 2 diabetic women without fractures (DM) and 19 type 2 diabetic women with history of fragility fractures (DMFx)) have been collected during the study conduct. To be included in the study, all women had to be postmenopausal, aged 50-75 with a body mass index ranging from 18 to 37 kg/m2. All subjects were required to be mobile and able to move without walkers. For subjects enrolled in the diabetic group, a minimum of 3 years history of treatment for type 2 diabetes by oral medications and/or insulin was required. Caucasian, Asian and African-American women were included. Subjects with fractures were only included if the fractures were caused by a low energy trauma such as falls from standing height or less and if they were sustained after menopause. Patients with pathologic fractures of other origin such as local tumors, tumour-like lesions or focal demineralizations as visualized on radiographs were excluded from the study.

Exclusion criteria comprised all medical conditions that could affect bone metabolism such as severe neuropathic disease, juvenile or premenopausal idiopathic osteoporosis, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidsm, a recent history of longer (>3 months) periods of immobilization, chronic drug use, alcoholism, chronic gastrointestinal disease, significant chronic renal impairment (CKD stages IV and V), significant chronic hepatic impairment, unstable cardiovascular disease or uncontrolled hypertension. In addition any chronic treatment over the last six months with adrenal or anabolic steroids, estrogens, antacids, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, pharmacological doses of Vitamin A, fluorides, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, tamoxifen or parathyroid hormone (PTH) was considered a criterion for exclusion. Due to their proven impact on bone mass and bone structure subjects who were on anti-diabetic agents such as rosiglitazone or pioglitazone were also excluded from the study.

The study protocol was approved by the UCSF Committee of Human Research (CHR) and all patients gave written informed consent before participation. Blood specimens were collected between 8 and 11 am after 12 hours of overnight fasting according to the laboratory's handling instructions. For serum samples, blood was allowed to clot in an upright position for 40 minutes and then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min within one hour of collection. None of the samples showed signs of hemolysis on visual inspection. Serum was subsequently transferred to 1.5 ml plastic screw-cap vials and stored at −80° C. until further analysis.

Study Design for Incident Osteoporotic Fractures

A prospective nested case-control study-design with 443 postmenopausal women over age 66 from the AGES-Reykjavik cohort was generated. The aim of this study was the identification of circulating microRNAs for the prediction of first osteoporotic fractures (incident fracture) or additional osteoporotic fractures. For that purpose blood samples are analyzed at baseline for serum microRNA levels and correlated with the patient outcome after the first follow up at 5.4 years. In total the study design included 4 groups: a control group comprising 100 healthy individuals without prevalent fractures and who did not sustain fractures during the 5.4 year follow-up, a fracture group comprising 172 patients of which 100 had sustained a first incident fracture during the follow up and 72 patients who already had one or more prevalent fractures before sustaining an additional fracture during the follow-up period, a control diabetic group comprising 100 individuals that had been diagnosed with type-2 diabetes but did not have prevalent or sustain incident fractures during the follow up, and a diabetic fracture group consisting of 71 patients of which 35 had sustained a first incident fracture within the 5.4 year follow-up and 36 patients who had prevalent fracture at baseline and one or more additional incident fractures during the follow up period.

In fracture groups, patients with high energy trauma and stressfractures were excluded. Prevalent fractures that had happened 18 months before study visit or less were excluded. Only subjects were included that exhibited kidney functions above 30 ml/min (eGFR), a BMI of >20 kg/m2, no history of longstanding or recent immobilization, no current intake of bone affecting medications and no self-reported or medical record based evidence of kidney disease, liver disease, chronic gastrointestinal disease, hyperparathyroidism, ovariectomy, chronic alcoholism, or idiopathic osteoporosis.

RNA Isolation

For RNA isolation, 200 μl serum were thawed at 37° C., centrifuged at 12,000×g for 5 minutes and homogenized in 1000 μl Qiazol containing synthetic RNA spike-in controls (Exiqon, Denmark) at three different concentrations to monitor the efficiency of small RNA purification. RNA isolation was performed using chloroform extraction and the miRNeasy isolation kit (Qiagen, Germany) for RNA precipitation and purification with the following deviations from the standard protocol: exactly 650 μl aqueous phase after extraction were taken, and 1 μl Glycogen (Ambion, Tex., USA) was added to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml and precipitated with 975 μl 100% Ethanol. Columns were washed three times with RPE buffer and RNA was eluted once in 30 μl nuclease-free water and stored at −80° C.

qPCR Analysis

The qPCR-based high-throughput quantification of miRNAs was performed in 384-well plate using reagents by Exiqon. First, 10 μl of isolated RNA were reverse transcribed in 50 μl reactions using the Universal cDNA Synthesis Kit II. UniSp6 and cel-miR-39-3p were are added during this step to monitor the presence of enzyme inhibitors. cDNA samples ere diluted 100-fold prior to qPCR analysis in pre-coated Pick&Mix 384-well plates with custom design. Using an epMotion P5073 liquid handling robot (Eppendorf, Germany), 10 μl of qPCR mix were distributed to each well of the qPCR palte. Each miRNA is assayed once per sample in a 10 μl reaction using the Roche LC 480 Real-Time PCR System (Roche, Germany).

Data Analysis

Melting curve analysis was performed and miRNA PCR reactions with more than one peak were excluded from the analysis. Amplification efficiencies were calculated using algorithms similar to the linreg software package. Efficiencies ranged between 1.8 and 2.1 for most miRNAs. Individual reactions that gave efficiencies <1.6 were excluded from the dataset. Background levels for each miRNA were generated by assaying a “no template” cDNA synthesis control on a full serum/plasma focus panel plate. The majority of miRNA assays did not yield any signal and background Cp was set to 42. The expression data was prefiltered according to the following criteria: i) features with more than 50% empty-values were excluded; ii) features with a p-value of <0.05 in a single-factor ANOVA analysis between any of the 4 groups were selected; iii) features with chi-square test p-value <0.1, indicating unequal distribution of negative signals between fracture and non-fracture samples or diabetes and non-diabetes samples, were selected. The aim of this step was to allow only features with trend towards regulation in any of the 4 groups to be further processed. The Ct-values of the remaining 146 features were corrected for the global mean of spike-in control levels and finally, empty values were replaced by imputed values, based on the assumption of normal distributed values.

Gene-wise linear models were fitted incorporating class information, e.g. fracture vs. no fracture, or diabetic fracture vs diabetic control, by generalized least squares. The p-values of the test whether the class coefficient is different from 0 were adjusted for multiple testing using the method proposed by Benjamini and Hochberg. The limma package from the Bioconductor repository was used. Every single model was evaluated by means of the AUC values and misclassification rates of a 5-fold cross validation using the support vector machine as a base classifier. The smallest model size that obtained an AUC value close to the maximum AUC value was chosen. The entire procedure was repeated with simulated data that incorporated the same dimensionality and correlation structure as the original data but exhibited no difference in means between classes. The maximal resulting AUC value was used as a reference point characterized by zero reproducibility. All models selected using the two step method described above clearly yielded superior results as compared to the reference point.

Results

For the classification of non-diabetic fracture patients, a combination of 4 microRNAs (FIGS. 1a and b ) was identified that yielded an AUC value of 0.978. This combination consisted of miR-188-3p, miR-942, miR-155-5p, and miR-382-3p. Further incorporation of miRNAs (up to 10 miRNAs in total) in the classification model could improve AUC to a value of 1.0 (FIG. 2a ), of which miR-136-3p and miR-502-5p had the strongest effect on the classification.

For the classification of diabetic fracture patients, a combination of 4 microRNAs (FIGS. 1c and d ) was identified that yielded an AUC value of 0.933. This combination consisted of miR-550a-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-32-3p, and miR-486-3p. Further incorporation of miRNAs (up to 10 miRNAs in total) in the classification model could improve AUC to a value of 1.0 (FIG. 2b ), of which miR-203a and miR-141-3p, and let-323a-3p had the strongest effect on the classification.

Example 3: Analysis of microRNA Function in the Context of Osteogenic Differentiation

Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue, which was derived from outpatient tumescence liposuction under local anesthesia with patient consent. ASCs were isolated as described before (Wolbank et al., 2007a; Wolbank et al., 2007b; Wolbank et al., 2009a) and cultured in DMEM-low glucose/HAM's F-12 supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS, PAA) and 1 ng/mL recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rhFGF, R&D Systems) at 37° C., 5% CO2 and 95% air humidity. Cells were passaged once or twice a week at a split ratio of 1:2 according to the growth rate.

Induction of Osteogenic Differentiation in ASCs

All differentiation protocols were carried out in 24 well cell culture plates. For osteogenic differentiation ASCs were seeded at a density of 2×10³ cell per well. 72 hours after seeding cells were incubated with osteogenic differentiation medium (DMEM-low glucose, 10% FCS, 4 mM L-glutamine, 10 nM dexamethasone, 150 μM ascorbate-2-phosphat, 10 mM β-glycerolphosphate and 10 nM vitamine-D3) up to 4 weeks.

Alizarin Red S Staining

For Alizarin staining of calcified structures, cells were fixed for 1 hour in 70% ethanol at −20° C. After brief rinsing, cells were stained for 20 minutes with 40 mM Alizarin Red solution (Sigma) and washed with PBS. For quantification Alizarin was extracted for 30 minutes using 200 μl 0.1 M HCL/0.5% SDS solution. The extracted dye was measured at 425 nm.

Transfections

ASCs were transfected using siPORT™ NeoFX™ transfection reagent (Applied Biosystems). Cells were transfected with 10 nM precursor microRNA, or scrambled miRNA control #2 (Ambion) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Three days after transfection, differentiation was started as described above.

Results

Transfection of hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-376a-3p, and miR-550a-5p resulted in a significant inhibition of osteogenic differentiation by 50% or more. Transfection of hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, and miR-148a-5p resulted in a significant acceleration of osteogenic differentiation by more than 200% and up to 400%.

Tables

TABLE 1 Log2 Fold Change # Patient Cohort miRNA ID (diseased vs control) p-Value 1 recent OFX hsa-miR-10a-5p 0.95 0.0012 2 Group I hsa-miR-10b-5p 1.01 0.0012 3 hsa-miR-106a-5p −0.33 0.078 4 hsa-miR-125b-5p 0.54 0.2734 5 hsa-miR-127-3p 0.83 0.1634 6 hsa-miR-133a −0.55 0.3295 7 hsa-miR-133b −1.47 0.0280 8 hsa-miR-143-3p −0.51 0.1010 9 hsa-miR-18a-3p −0.50 0.2741 10 hsa-miR-194-5p 0.49 0.2266 11 hsa-miR-30a-5p 0.72 0.1092 12 hsa-miR-328-3p −0.62 0.0344 13 hsa-miR-376a-3p 0.77 0.1160 14 hsa-miR-409-3p 0.86 0.2042 15 hsa-miR-574-3p −0.51 0.2016 1 non-recent OFX hsa-let-7i-3p −0.56 0.206 2 Group II hsa-miR-1227-3p 0.53 0.643 3 hsa-miR-127-3p −1.04 0.145 4 hsa-miR-133b −0.81 0.086 5 hsa-miR-135a-5p −0.90 0.030 6 hsa-miR-136-3p −0.87 0.055 7 hsa-miR-143-3p −0.64 0.210 8 hsa-miR-155-5p −1.11 0.013 9 hsa-miR-181a-3p −2.93 0.000 10 hsa-miR-188-3p −1.72 0.003 11 hsa-miR-1908 −0.90 0.484 12 hsa-miR-190a −1.37 0.052 13 hsa-miR-192-5p −0.64 0.090 14 hsa-miR-193b-3p −0.74 0.137 15 hsa-miR-196b-5p −0.64 0.201 16 hsa-miR-199b-5p −0.62 0.553 17 hsa-miR-200b-3p −0.61 0.236 18 hsa-miR-203a 0.87 0.725 19 hsa-miR-205-5p −0.53 0.162 20 hsa-miR-20b-5p −0.67 0.225 21 hsa-miR-214-3p −0.57 0.209 22 hsa-miR-215 −0.61 0.124 23 hsa-miR-223-5p −0.58 0.144 24 hsa-miR-27a-3p −0.52 0.145 25 hsa-miR-30e-3p −0.63 0.100 26 hsa-miR-323a-3p −0.67 0.165 27 hsa-miR-330-3p 1.02 0.088 28 hsa-miR-342-5p −1.16 0.035 29 hsa-miR-369-3p −1.04 0.055 30 hsa-miR-376c-3p −0.74 0.152 31 hsa-miR-377-3p −1.02 0.062 32 hsa-miR-378a-5p −1.19 0.016 33 hsa-miR-410 −0.59 0.151 34 hsa-miR-454-3p −0.59 0.179 35 hsa-miR-487b −0.91 0.132 36 hsa-miR-495-3p −1.02 0.089 37 hsa-miR-500a-5p −0.96 0.122 38 hsa-miR-502-5p −1.36 0.040 39 hsa-miR-542-5p −1.43 0.126 40 hsa-miR-548a-3p −0.66 0.252 41 hsa-miR-550a-5p 2.17 0.052 42 hsa-miR-576-3p −1.58 0.002 43 hsa-miR-582-3p −1.55 0.020 44 hsa-miR-624-5p −0.69 0.197 45 hsa-miR-642a-5p −1.56 0.018 46 hsa-miR-941 −0.66 0.442 47 hsa-miR-942 −1.88 0.002 48 Hsa-miR-382-3p −2.11 0.471 1 non-recent hsa-let-7b-5p 0.97 0.005 2 DMFX hsa-let-7g-5p 0.99 0.002 3 Group III hsa-let-7i-5p 0.91 0.002 4 hsa-miR-106a-5p 0.96 0.009 5 hsa-miR-106b-5p 1.01 0.006 6 hsa-miR-127-3p −1.29 0.487 7 hsa-miR-132-3p 0.84 0.015 8 hsa-miR-140-3p 0.78 0.014 9 hsa-miR-141-3p 1.27 0.002 10 hsa-miR-143-3p 0.87 0.080 11 hsa-miR-143-5p 1.42 0.007 12 hsa-miR-144-3p 0.94 0.009 13 hsa-miR-146b-5p 0.90 0.012 14 hsa-miR-154-5p −1.64 0.127 15 hsa-miR-16-2-3p 1.03 0.001 16 hsa-miR-16-5p 0.89 0.008 17 hsa-miR-17-5p 0.98 0.032 18 hsa-miR-181b-5p 0.83 0.035 19 hsa-miR-181c-3p 1.51 0.002 20 hsa-miR-181c-5p 1.25 0.004 21 hsa-miR-185-5p 0.81 0.024 22 hsa-miR-18a-3p 0.77 0.051 23 hsa-miR-18a-5p 0.88 0.020 24 hsa-miR-18b-5p 0.92 0.019 25 hsa-miR-1908 −1.43 0.186 26 hsa-miR-191-5p 0.99 0.006 27 hsa-miR-196b-5p 1.03 0.037 28 hsa-miR-199b-5p 1.35 0.082 29 hsa-miR-19b-1-5p 2.38 0.007 30 hsa-miR-19b-3p 0.76 0.018 31 hsa-miR-200b-3p 0.94 0.050 32 hsa-miR-203a 1.98 0.007 33 hsa-miR-20a-5p 0.92 0.013 34 hsa-miR-20b-5p 1.12 0.068 35 hsa-miR-210 0.78 0.023 36 hsa-miR-21-3p 1.09 0.003 37 hsa-miR-25-3p 0.82 0.016 38 hsa-miR-26b-5p 0.79 0.023 39 hsa-miR-301a-3p 1.15 0.005 40 hsa-miR-301b 1.17 0.010 41 hsa-miR-323a-3p 1.21 0.002 42 hsa-miR-324-5p 1.15 0.017 43 hsa-miR-330-3p 1.23 0.022 44 hsa-miR-363-3p 0.83 0.008 45 hsa-miR-369-3p −1.29 0.011 46 hsa-miR-374a-5p 0.84 0.017 47 hsa-miR-375 1.30 0.004 48 hsa-miR-376c-3p −0.98 0.052 49 hsa-miR-378a-5p 1.09 0.023 50 hsa-miR-451a 0.91 0.012 51 hsa-miR-454-3p 0.99 0.023 52 hsa-miR-486-3p 1.16 0.018 53 hsa-miR-486-5p 1.04 0.003 54 hsa-miR-493-5p −0.85 0.607 55 hsa-miR-500a-5p 1.93 0.001 56 hsa-miR-532-3p 0.87 0.006 57 hsa-miR-545-3p 1.33 0.017 58 hsa-miR-550a-3p 0.98 0.032 59 hsa-miR-550a-5p 4.84 0.000 60 hsa-miR-589-5p 0.83 0.719 61 hsa-miR-590-3p 0.92 0.055 62 hsa-miR-598 0.87 0.068 63 hsa-miR-627 0.97 0.034 64 hsa-miR-629-5p 0.96 0.009 65 hsa-miR-7-5p 1.40 0.001 66 hsa-miR-92a-3p 0.81 0.002 67 hsa-miR-93-3p 0.86 0.042 68 hsa-miR-93-5p 0.93 0.018 69 hsa-miR-941 1.70 0.024 70 hsa-miR-942 2.36 0.000 71 hsa-miR-96-5p 1.35 0.000 72 hsa-miR-98-5p 0.85 0.031 73 hsa-miR-181a-5p 0.74 0.041 74 hsa-miR-32-3p 1.11 0.021

TABLE 2 Recent Osteoporotic Fracture vs Control precursor mature mature SEQ mature precursor- precursor miRNA SEQ miRNA ID Sequence ID Accession miRNA Sequence ID Accession hsa-miR- UACCCUG 1 MIMAT0000253 hsa-mir-10a GAUCUGUCUGUCUU 16 MI0000266 10a-5p UAGAUCC CUGUAUAUACCCUG GAAUUUG UAGAUCCGAAUUUG UG UGUAAGGAAUUUUG UGGUCACAAAUUCG UAUCUAGGGGAAUA UGUAGUUGACAUAA ACACUCCGCUCU hsa-miR- UACCCUG 2 MIMAT0000254 hsa-mir-10b CCAGAGGUUGUAAC 17 MI0000267 10b-5p UAGAACC GUUGUCUAUAUAUA GAAUUUG CCCUGUAGAACCGAA UG UUUGUGUGGUAUCC GUAUAGUCACAGAU UCGAUUCUAGGGGA AUAUAUGGUCGAUG CAAAAACUUCA hsa-miR- AAAAGUG 3 MIMAT0000103 hsa-mir- CCUUGGCCAUGUAA 18 MI0000113 106a-5p CUUACAG 106a AAGUGCUUACAGUG UGCAGGU CAGGUAGCUUUUUG AG AGAUCUACUGCAAU GUAAGCACUUCUUA CAUUACCAUGG hsa-miR- UCCCUGA 4 MIMAT0000423 hsa-mir- UGCGCUCCUCUCAG 19 MI0000446 125b-5p GACCCUA 125b-1 UCCCUGAGACCCUAA ACUUGUG CUUGUGAUGUUUAC A CGUUUAAAUCCACG GGUUAGGCUCUUGG GAGCUGCGAGUCGU GCU hsa-miR- UCGGAUC 5 MIMAT0000446 hsa-mir-127 UGUGAUCACUGUCU 20 MI0000472 127-3p CGUCUGA CCAGCCUGCUGAAGC GCUUGGC UCAGAGGGCUCUGA U UUCAGAAAGAUCAU CGGAUCCGUCUGAG CUUGGCUGGUCGGA AGUCUCAUCAUC hsa-miR- UUUGGUC 6 MIMAT0000427 hsa-mir- ACAAUGCUUUGCUA 21 MI0000450 133a-3p CCCUUCAA 133a-1 GAGCUGGUAAAAUG CCAGCUG GAACCAAAUCGCCUC UUCAAUGGAUUUGG UCCCCUUCAACCAGC UGUAGCUAUGCAUU GA hsa-miR- UUUGGUC 7 MIMAT0000770 hsa-mir- CCUCAGAAGAAAGAU 22 MI0000822 133b CCCUUCAA 133b GCCCCCUGCUCUGGC CCAGCUA UGGUCAAACGGAACC AAGUCCGUCUUCCU GAGAGGUUUGGUCC CCUUCAACCAGCUAC AGCAGGGCUGGCAA UGCCCAGUCCUUGG AGA hsa-miR- UGAGAUG 8 MIMAT0000435 hsa-mir-143 GCGCAGCGCCCUGUC 23 MI0000459 143-3p AAGCACU UCCCAGCCUGAGGU GUAGCUC GCAGUGCUGCAUCU CUGGUCAGUUGGGA GUCUGAGAUGAAGC ACUGUAGCUCAGGA AGAGAGAAGUUGUU CUGCAGC hsa-miR- ACUGCCC 9 MIMAT0002891 hsa-mir-18a UGUUCUAAGGUGCA 24 MI0000072 18a-3p UAAGUGC UCUAGUGCAGAUAG UCCUUCU UGAAGUAGAUUAGC AUCUACUGCCCUAAG GG UGCUCCUUCUGGCA hsa-miR- UGUAACA 10 MIMAT0000460 hsa-mir-194- AUGGUGUUAUCAAG 25 MI0000488 194-5p GCAACUCC 1 UGUAACAGCAACUCC AUGUGGA AUGUGGACUGUGUA CCAAUUUCCAGUGG AGAUGCUGUUACUU UUGAUGGUUACCAA hsa-miR- UGUAAAC 11 MIMAT0000087 hsa-mir-30a GCGACUGUAAACAU 26 MI0000088 30a-5p AUCCUCG CCUCGACUGGAAGC ACUGGAA UGUGAAGCCACAGA G UGGGCUUUCAGUCG GAUGUUUGCAGCUG C hsa-miR- CUGGCCC 12 MIMAT0000752 hsa-mir-328 UGGAGUGGGGGGGC 27 MI0000804 328-3p UCUCUGC AGGAGGGGCUCAGG CCUUCCG GAGAAAGUGCAUAC U AGCCCCUGGCCCUCU CUGCCCUUCCGUCCC CUG hsa-miR- AUCAUAG 13 MIMAT0000729 hsa-mir- UAAAAGGUAGAUUC 28 MI0000784 376a-3p AGGAAAA 376a-1 UCCUUCUAUGAGUA UCCACGU CAUUAUUUAUGAUU AAUCAUAGAGGAAA AUCCACGUUUUC hsa-miR- GAAUGUU 14 MIMAT0001639 hsa-mir-409 UGGUACUCGGGGAG 29 MI0001735 409-3p GCUCGGU AGGUUACCCGAGCAA GAACCCCU CUUUGCAUCUGGAC GACGAAUGUUGCUC GGUGAACCCCUUUU CGGUAUCA hsa-miR- CACGCUCA 15 MIMAT0003239 hsa-mir-574 GGGACCUGCGUGGG 30 MI0003581 574-3p UGCACAC UGCGGGCGUGUGAG ACCCACA UGUGUGUGUGUGA GUGUGUGUCGCUCC GGGUCCACGCUCAU GCACACACCCACACG CCCACACUCAGG

TABLE 3 Non-recent Osteoporotic Fracture vs Control SEQ SEQ mature ID ID mature Seq mature Acc hairpin ID hairpin Seq hairpin Acc hsa-let-7i- 31 CUGCGCAA MIMAT0004585 hsa-let-7i 78 CUGGCUGAGGUAGU MI0000434 3p GCUACUGC AGUUUGUGCUGUUG CUUGCU GUCGGGUUGUGACA UUGCCCGCUGUGGA GAUAACUGCGCAAGC UACUGCCUUGCUA hsa-miR- 32 CGUGCCAC MIMAT0005580 hsa-mir- 79 GUGGGGCCAGGCGG MI0006316 1227-3p CCUUUUCC 1227 UGGUGGGCACUGCU CCAG GGGGUGGGCACAGC AGCCAUGCAGAGCG GGCAUUUGACCCCG UGCCACCCUUUUCCC CAG hsa-miR- 33 UCGGAUCC MIMAT0000446 hsa-mir- 80 UGUGAUCACUGUCU MI0000472 127-3p GUCUGAGC 127 CCAGCCUGCUGAAGC UUGGCU UCAGAGGGCUCUGA UUCAGAAAGAUCAU CGGAUCCGUCUGAG CUUGGCUGGUCGGA AGUCUCAUCAUC hsa-miR- 34 UUUGGUC MIMAT0000770 hsa-mir- 81 CCUCAGAAGAAAGAU MI0000822 133b CCCUUCAA 133b GCCCCCUGCUCUGGC CCAGCUA UGGUCAAACGGAACC AAGUCCGUCUUCCU GAGAGGUUUGGUCC CCUUCAACCAGCUAC AGCAGGGCUGGCAA UGCCCAGUCCUUGG AGA hsa-miR- 35 UAUGGCU MIMAT0000428 hsa-mir- 82 AGGCCUCGCUGUUC MI0000452 135a-5p UUUUAUU 135a-1 UCUAUGGCUUUUUA CCUAUGUG UUCCUAUGUGAUUC A UACUGCUCACUCAUA UAGGGAUUGGAGCC GUGGCGCACGGCGG GGACA hsa-miR- 36 CAUCAUCG MIMAT0004606 hsa-mir- 83 UGAGCCCUCGGAGG MI0000475 136-3p UCUCAAAU 136 ACUCCAUUUGUUUU GAGUCU GAUGAUGGAUUCUU AUGCUCCAUCAUCG UCUCAAAUGAGUCU UCAGAGGGUUCU hsa-miR- 37 UGAGAUG MIMAT0000435 hsa-mir- 84 GCGCAGCGCCCUGUC MI0000459 143-3p AAGCACUG 143 UCCCAGCCUGAGGU UAGCUC GCAGUGCUGCAUCU CUGGUCAGUUGGGA GUCUGAGAUGAAGC ACUGUAGCUCAGGA AGAGAGAAGUUGUU CUGCAGC hsa-miR- 38 UUAAUGC MIMAT0000646 hsa-mir- 85 CUGUUAAUGCUAAU MI0000681 155-5p UAAUCGU 155 CGUGAUAGGGGUUU GAUAGGG UUGCCUCCAACUGAC GU UCCUACAUAUUAGC AUUAACAG hsa-miR- 39 ACCAUCGA MIMAT0000270 hsa-mir- 86 UGAGUUUUGAGGUU MI0000289 181a-3p CCGUUGAU 181a-1 GCUUCAGUGAACAU UGUACC UCAACGCUGUCGGU GAGUUUGGAAUUAA AAUCAAAACCAUCGA CCGUUGAUUGUACC CUAUGGCUAACCAUC AUCUACUCCA hsa-miR- 40 CUCCCACA MIMAT0004613 hsa-mir- 87 UGCUCCCUCUCUCAC MI0000484 188-3p UGCAGGG 188 AUCCCUUGCAUGGU UUUGCA GGAGGGUGAGCUUU CUGAAAACCCCUCCC ACAUGCAGGGUUUG CAGGAUGGCGAGCC hsa-miR- 41 CGGCGGGG MIMAT0007881 hsa-mir- 88 CGGGAAUGCCGCGG MI0008329 1908-5p ACGGCGAU 1908 CGGGGACGGCGAUU UGGUC GGUCCGUAUGUGUG GUGCCACCGGCCGCC GGCUCCGCCCCGGCC CCCGCCCC hsa-miR- 42 UGAUAUG MIMAT0000458 hsa-mir- 89 UGCAGGCCUCUGUG MI0000486 190a-5p UUUGAUA 190a UGAUAUGUUUGAUA UAUUAGG UAUUAGGUUGUUAU U UUAAUCCAACUAUA UAUCAAACAUAUUCC UACAGUGUCUUGCC hsa-miR- 43 CUGACCUA MIMAT0000222 hsa-mir- 90 GCCGAGACCGAGUGC MI0000234 192-5p UGAAUUG 192 ACAGGGCUCUGACC ACAGCC UAUGAAUUGACAGC CAGUGCUCUCGUCU CCCCUCUGGCUGCCA AUUCCAUAGGUCAC AGGUAUGUUCGCCU CAAUGCCAGC hsa-miR- 44 AACUGGCC MIMAT0002819 hsa-mir- 91 GUGGUCUCAGAAUC MI0003137 193b-3p CUCAAAGU 193b GGGGUUUUGAGGGC CCCGCU GAGAUGAGUUUAUG UUUUAUCCAACUGG CCCUCAAAGUCCCGC UUUUGGGGUCAU hsa-miR- 45 UAGGUAG MIMAT0001080 hsa-mir- 92 ACUGGUCGGUGAUU MI0001150 196b-5p UUUCCUG 196b UAGGUAGUUUCCUG UUGUUGG UUGUUGGGAUCCAC G CUUUCUCUCGACAGC ACGACACUGCCUUCA UUACUUCAGUUG hsa-miR- 46 CCCAGUGU MIMAT0000263 hsa-mir- 93 CCAGAGGACACCUCC MI0000282 199b-5p UUAGACUA 199b ACUCCGUCUACCCAG UCUGUUC UGUUUAGACUAUCU GUUCAGGACUCCCAA AUUGUACAGUAGUC UGCACAUUGGUUAG GCUGGGCUGGGUUA GACCCUCGG hsa-miR- 47 UAAUACUG MIMAT0000318 hsa-mir- 94 CCAGCUCGGGCAGCC MI0000342 200b-3p CCUGGUAA 200b GUGGCCAUCUUACU UGAUGA GGGCAGCAUUGGAU GGAGUCAGGUCUCU AAUACUGCCUGGUA AUGAUGACGGCGGA GCCCUGCACG hsa-miR- 48 GUGAAAU MIMAT0000264 hsa-mir- 95 GUGUUGGGGACUCG MI0000283 203a GUUUAGG 203a CGCGCUGGGUCCAG ACCACUAG UGGUUCUUAACAGU UCAACAGUUCUGUA GCGCAAUUGUGAAA UGUUUAGGACCACU AGACCCGGCGGGCGC GGCGACAGCGA hsa-miR- 49 UCCUUCAU MIMAT0000266 hsa-mir- 96 AAAGAUCCUCAGACA MI0000285 205-5p UCCACCGG 205 AUCCAUGUGCUUCU AGUCUG CUUGUCCUUCAUUC CACCGGAGUCUGUC UCAUACCCAACCAGA UUUCAGUGGAGUGA AGUUCAGGAGGCAU GGAGCUGACA hsa-miR- 50 CAAAGUGC MIMAT0001413 hsa-mir- 97 AGUACCAAAGUGCU MI0001519 20b-5p UCAUAGU 20b CAUAGUGCAGGUAG GCAGGUAG UUUUGGCAUGACUC UACUGUAGUAUGGG CACUUCCAGUACU hsa-miR- 51 ACAGCAGG MIMAT0000271 hsa-mir- 98 GGCCUGGCUGGACA MI0000290 214-3p CACAGACA 214 GAGUUGUCAUGUGU GGCAGU CUGCCUGUCUACACU UGCUGUGCAGAACA UCCGCUCACCUGUAC AGCAGGCACAGACAG GCAGUCACAUGACAA CCCAGCCU hsa-miR- 52 AUGACCUA MIMAT0000272 hsa-mir- 99 AUCAUUCAGAAAUG MI0000291 215-5p UGAAUUG 215 GUAUACAGGAAAAU ACAGAC GACCUAUGAAUUGA CAGACAAUAUAGCU GAGUUUGUCUGUCA UUUCUUUAGGCCAA UAUUCUGUAUGACU GUGCUACUUCAA hsa-miR- 53 CGUGUAU MIMAT0004570 hsa-mir- 100 CCUGGCCUCCUGCAG MI0000300 223-5p UUGACAAG 223 UGCCACGCUCCGUG CUGAGUU UAUUUGACAAGCUG AGUUGGACACUCCA UGUGGUAGAGUGUC AGUUUGUCAAAUAC CCCAAGUGCGGCACA UGCUUACCAG hsa-miR- 54 UUCACAGU MIMAT0000084 hsa-mir- 101 CUGAGGAGCAGGGC MI0000085 27a-3p GGCUAAGU 27a UUAGCUGCUUGUGA UCCGC GCAGGGUCCACACCA AGUCGUGUUCACAG UGGCUAAGUUCCGC CCCCCAG hsa-miR- 55 CUUUCAGU MIMAT0000693 hsa-mir- 102 GGGCAGUCUUUGCU MI0000749 30e-3p CGGAUGU 30e ACUGUAAACAUCCU UUACAGC UGACUGGAAGCUGU AAGGUGUUCAGAGG AGCUUUCAGUCGGA UGUUUACAGCGGCA GGCUGCCA hsa-miR- 56 CACAUUAC MIMAT0000755 hsa-mir- 103 UUGGUACUUGGAGA MI0000807 323a-3p ACGGUCGA 323a GAGGUGGUCCGUGG CCUCU CGCGUUCGCUUUAU UUAUGGCGCACAUU ACACGGUCGACCUCU UUGCAGUAUCUAAU C hsa-miR- 57 GCAAAGCA MIMAT0000751 hsa-mir- 104 CUUUGGCGAUCACU MI0000803 330-3p CACGGCCU 330 GCCUCUCUGGGCCU GCAGAGA GUGUCUUAGGCUCU GCAAGAUCAACCGAG CAAAGCACACGGCCU GCAGAGAGGCAGCG CUCUGCCC hsa-miR- 58 AGGGGUG MIMAT0004694 hsa-mir- 105 GAAACUGGGCUCAA MI0000805 342-5p CUAUCUGU 342 GGUGAGGGGUGCUA GAUUGA UCUGUGAUUGAGGG ACAUGGUUAAUGGA AUUGUCUCACACAG AAAUCGCACCCGUCA CCUUGGCCUACUUA hsa-miR- 59 AAUAAUAC MIMAT0000721 hsa-mir- 106 UUGAAGGGAGAUCG MI0000777 369-3p AUGGUUG 369 ACCGUGUUAUAUUC AUCUUU GCUUUAUUGACUUC GAAUAAUACAUGGU UGAUCUUUUCUCAG hsa-miR- 60 AACAUAGA MIMAT0000720 hsa-mir- 107 AAAAGGUGGAUAUU MI0000776 376c-3p GGAAAUUC 376c CCUUCUAUGUUUAU CACGU GUUAUUUAUGGUUA AACAUAGAGGAAAU UCCACGUUUU hsa-miR- 61 AUCACACA MIMAT0000730 hsa-mir- 108 UUGAGCAGAGGUUG MI0000785 377-3p AAGGCAAC 377 CCCUUGGUGAAUUC UUUUGU GCUUUAUUUAUGUU GAAUCACACAAAGGC AACUUUUGUUUG hsa-miR- 62 CUCCUGAC MIMAT0000731 hsa-mir- 109 AGGGCUCCUGACUCC MI0000786 378a-5p UCCAGGUC 378a AGGUCCUGUGUGUU CUGUGU ACCUAGAAAUAGCAC UGGACUUGGAGUCA GAAGGCCU hsa-miR- 269 AAUCAUUC MIMAT0022697 hsa-mir- 270 UACUUGAAGAGAAG MI0000790 382-3p ACGGACAA 382 UUGUUCGUGGUGGA CACUU UUCGCUUUACUUAU GACGAAUCAUUCAC GGACAACACUUUUU UCAGUA hsa-miR- 63 AAUAUAAC MIMAT0002171 hsa-mir- 110 GGUACCUGAGAAGA MI0002465 410-3p ACAGAUGG 410 GGUUGUCUGUGAUG CCUGU AGUUCGCUUUUAUU AAUGACGAAUAUAA CACAGAUGGCCUGU UUUCAGUACC hsa-miR- 64 UAGUGCAA MIMAT0003885 hsa-mir- 111 UCUGUUUAUCACCA MI0003820 454-3p UAUUGCU 454 GAUCCUAGAACCCUA UAUAGGG UCAAUAUUGUCUCU U GCUGUGUAAAUAGU UCUGAGUAGUGCAA UAUUGCUUAUAGGG UUUUGGUGUUUGG AAAGAACAAUGGGC AGG hsa-miR- 65 AAUCGUAC MIMAT0003180 hsa-mir- 112 UUGGUACUUGGAGA MI0003530 487b-3p AGGGUCAU 487b GUGGUUAUCCCUGU CCACUU CCUGUUCGUUUUGC UCAUGUCGAAUCGU ACAGGGUCAUCCACU UUUUCAGUAUCAA hsa-miR- 66 AAACAAAC MIMAT0002817 hsa-mir- 113 UGGUACCUGAAAAG MI0003135 495-3p AUGGUGCA 495 AAGUUGCCCAUGUU CUUCUU AUUUUCGCUUUAUA UGUGACGAAACAAAC AUGGUGCACUUCUU UUUCGGUAUCA hsa-miR- 67 UAAUCCUU MIMAT0004773 hsa-mir- 114 GCUCCCCCUCUCUAA MI0003184 500a-5p GCUACCUG 500a UCCUUGCUACCUGG GGUGAGA GUGAGAGUGCUGUC UGAAUGCAAUGCAC CUGGGCAAGGAUUC UGAGAGCGAGAGC hsa-miR- 68 AUCCUUGC MIMAT0002873 hsa-mir- 115 UGCUCCCCCUCUCUA MI0003186 502-5p UAUCUGG 502 AUCCUUGCUAUCUG GUGCUA GGUGCUAGUGCUGG CUCAAUGCAAUGCAC CUGGGCAAGGAUUC AGAGAGGGGGAGCU hsa-miR- 69 UCGGGGA MIMAT0003340 hsa-mir- 116 CAGAUCUCAGACAUC MI0003686 542-5p UCAUCAUG 542 UCGGGGAUCAUCAU UCACGAGA GUCACGAGAUACCAG UGUGCACUUGUGAC AGAUUGAUAACUGA AAGGUCUGGGAGCC ACUCAUCUUCA hsa-miR- 70 CAAAACUG MIMAT0003251 hsa-mir- 117 UGCAGGGAGGUAUU MI0003593 548a-3p GCAAUUAC 548a-1 AAGUUGGUGCAAAA UUUUGC GUAAUUGUGAUUUU UGCCAUUAAAAGUA ACGACAAAACUGGCA AUUACUUUUGCACC AAACCUGGUAUU hsa-miR- 71 AGUGCCUG MIMAT0004800 hsa-mir- 118 UGAUGCUUUGCUGG MI0003600 550a-5p AGGGAGU 550a-1 CUGGUGCAGUGCCU AAGAGCCC GAGGGAGUAAGAGC CCUGUUGUUGUAAG AUAGUGUCUUACUC CCUCAGGCACAUCUC CAACAAGUCUCU hsa-miR- 72 AAGAUGU MIMAT0004796 hsa-mir- 119 UACAAUCCAACGAGG MI0003583 576-3p GGAAAAAU 576 AUUCUAAUUUCUCC UGGAAUC ACGUCUUUGGUAAU AAGGUUUGGCAAAG AUGUGGAAAAAUUG GAAUCCUCAUUCGA UUGGUUAUAACCA hsa-miR- 73 UAACUGG MIMAT0004797 hsa-mir- 120 AUCUGUGCUCUUUG MI0003589 582-3p UUGAACAA 582 AUUACAGUUGUUCA CUGAACC ACCAGUUACUAAUC UAACUAAUUGUAAC UGGUUGAACAACUG AACCCAAAGGGUGCA AAGUAGAAACAUU hsa-miR- 74 UAGUACCA MIMAT0003293 hsa-mir- 121 AAUGCUGUUUCAAG MI0003638 624-5p GUACCUUG 624 GUAGUACCAGUACC UGUUCA UUGUGUUCAGUGGA ACCAAGGUAAACACA AGGUAUUGGUAUUA CCUUGAGAUAGCAU UACACCUAAGUG hsa-miR- 75 GUCCCUCU MIMAT0003312 hsa-mir- 122 AUCUGAGUUGGGAG MI0003657 642a-5p CCAAAUGU 642a GGUCCCUCUCCAAAU GUCUUG GUGUCUUGGGGUGG GGGAUCAAGACACA UUUGGAGAGGGAAC CUCCCAACUCGGCCU CUGCCAUCAUU hsa-miR- 76 CACCCGGC MIMAT0004984 hsa-mir- 123 UGUGGACAUGUGCC MI0005763 941 UGUGUGC 941-1 CAGGGCCCGGGACAG ACAUGUGC CGCCACGGAAGAGGA CGCACCCGGCUGUG UGCACAUGUGCCCA hsa-miR- 77 UCUUCUCU MIMAT0004985 hsa-mir- 124 AUUAGGAGAGUAUC MI0005767 942-5p GUUUUGG 942 UUCUCUGUUUUGGC CCAUGUG CAUGUGUGUACUCA CAGCCCCUCACACAU GGCCGAAACAGAGAA GUUACUUUCCUAAU

TABLE 4 Non-recent Diabetic Fracture vs Control mature SEQ mature SEQ ID ID Seq mature Acc hairpin ID hairpin Seq hairpin Acc hsa-let- 125 UGAGGU MIMAT0000063 hsa-let-7b 197 CGGGGUGAGGUAG MI0000063 7b-5p AGUAGG UAGGUUGUGUGGU UUGUGU UUCAGGGCAGUGA GGUU UGUUGCCCCUCGGA AGAUAACUAUACAA CCUACUGCCUUCCC UG hsa-let- 126 UGAGGU MIMAT0000414 hsa-let-7g 198 AGGCUGAGGUAGU MI0000433 7g-5p AGUAGU AGUUUGUACAGUU UUGUAC UGAGGGUCUAUGA AGUU UACCACCCGGUACA GGAGAUAACUGUAC AGGCCACUGCCUUG CCA hsa-let- 127 UGAGGU MIMAT0000415 hsa-let-7i 199 CUGGCUGAGGUAG MI0000434 7i-5p AGUAGU UAGUUUGUGCUGU UUGUGC UGGUCGGGUUGUG UGUU ACAUUGCCCGCUGU GGAGAUAACUGCGC AAGCUACUGCCUUG CUA hsa- 128 AAAAGU MIMAT0000103 hsa-mir- 200 CCUUGGCCAUGUAA MI0000113 miR- GCUUACA 106a AAGUGCUUACAGUG 106a-5p GUGCAG CAGGUAGCUUUUU GUAG GAGAUCUACUGCAA UGUAAGCACUUCUU ACAUUACCAUGG hsa- 129 UAAAGU MIMAT0000680 hsa-mir- 201 CCUGCCGGGGCUAA MI0000734 miR- GCUGACA 106b AGUGCUGACAGUGC 106b-5p GUGCAG AGAUAGUGGUCCUC AU UCCGUGCUACCGCA CUGUGGGUACUUG CUGCUCCAGCAGG hsa- 130 UCGGAU MIMAT0000446 hsa-mir- 202 UGUGAUCACUGUCU MI0000472 miR- CCGUCUG 127 CCAGCCUGCUGAAG 127-3p AGCUUG CUCAGAGGGCUCUG GCU AUUCAGAAAGAUCA UCGGAUCCGUCUGA GCUUGGCUGGUCG GAAGUCUCAUCAUC hsa- 131 UAACAG MIMAT0000426 hsa-mir- 203 CCGCCCCCGCGUCUC MI0000449 miR- UCUACAG 132 CAGGGCAACCGUGG 132-3p CCAUGG CUUUCGAUUGUUAC UCG UGUGGGAACUGGA GGUAACAGUCUACA GCCAUGGUCGCCCC GCAGCACGCCCACG CGC hsa- 132 UACCACA MIMAT0004597 hsa-mir- 204 UGUGUCUCUCUCU MI0000456 miR- GGGUAG 140 GUGUCCUGCCAGUG 140-3p AACCACG GUUUUACCCUAUGG G UAGGUUACGUCAU GCUGUUCUACCACA GGGUAGAACCACGG ACAGGAUACCGGGG CACC hsa- 133 UAACACU MIMAT0000432 hsa-mir- 205 CGGCCGGCCCUGGG MI0000457 miR- GUCUGG 141 UCCAUCUUCCAGUA 141-3p UAAAGA CAGUGUUGGAUGG UGG UCUAAUUGUGAAGC UCCUAACACUGUCU GGUAAAGAUGGCUC CCGGGUGGGUUC hsa- 134 UGAGAU MIMAT0000435 hsa-mir- 206 GCGCAGCGCCCUGU MI0000459 miR- GAAGCAC 143 CUCCCAGCCUGAGG 143-3p UGUAGC UGCAGUGCUGCAUC UC UCUGGUCAGUUGG GAGUCUGAGAUGAA GCACUGUAGCUCAG GAAGAGAGAAGUU GUUCUGCAGC hsa- 135 GGUGCA MIMAT0004599 hsa-mir- 207 GCGCAGCGCCCUGU MI0000459 miR- GUGCUG 143 CUCCCAGCCUGAGG 143-5p CAUCUCU UGCAGUGCUGCAUC GGU UCUGGUCAGUUGG GAGUCUGAGAUGAA GCACUGUAGCUCAG GAAGAGAGAAGUU GUUCUGCAGC hsa- 136 UACAGU MIMAT0000436 hsa-mir- 208 UGGGGCCCUGGCUG MI0000460 miR- AUAGAU 144 GGAUAUCAUCAUAU 144-3p GAUGUA ACUGUAAGUUUGC CU GAUGAGACACUACA GUAUAGAUGAUGU ACUAGUCCGGGCAC CCCC hsa- 137 UGAGAA MIMAT0002809 hsa-mir- 209 CCUGGCACUGAGAA MI0003129 miR- CUGAAU 146b CUGAAUUCCAUAGG 146b-5p UCCAUAG CUGUGAGCUCUAGC GCU AAUGCCCUGUGGAC UCAGUUCUGGUGCC CGG hsa- 138 UAGGUU MIMAT0000452 hsa-mir- 210 GUGGUACUUGAAG MI0000480 miR- AUCCGU 154 AUAGGUUAUCCGU 154-5p GUUGCC GUUGCCUUCGCUU UUCG UAUUUGUGACGAA UCAUACACGGUUGA CCUAUUUUUCAGUA CCAA hsa- 139 CCAAUAU MIMAT0004518 hsa-mir- 211 GUUCCACUCUAGCA MI0000115 miR-16- UACUGU 16-2 GCACGUAAAUAUUG 2-3p GCUGCU GCGUAGUGAAAUA UUA UAUAUUAAACACCA AUAUUACUGUGCU GCUUUAGUGUGAC hsa- 140 UAGCAGC MIMAT0000069 hsa-mir- 212 GUCAGCAGUGCCUU MI0000070 miR-16- ACGUAAA 16-1 AGCAGCACGUAAAU 5p UAUUGG AUUGGCGUUAAGA CG UUCUAAAAUUAUCU CCAGUAUUAACUGU GCUGCUGAAGUAAG GUUGAC hsa- 141 CAAAGU MIMAT0000070 hsa-mir- 213 GUCAGAAUAAUGUC MI0000071 miR-17- GCUUACA 17 AAAGUGCUUACAGU 5p GUGCAG GCAGGUAGUGAUA GUAG UGUGCAUCUACUGC AGUGAAGGCACUUG UAGCAUUAUGGUG AC hsa- 271 AACAUUC MIMAT0000256 hsa-mir- 272 AGAAGGGCUAUCAG MI0000269 miR- AACGCUG 181a-2 GCCAGCCUUCAGAG 181a-5p UCGGUG GACUCCAAGGAACA AGU UUCAACGCUGUCGG UGAGUUUGGGAUU UGAAAAAACCACUG ACCGUUGACUGUAC CUUGGGGUCCUUA hsa- 142 AACAUUC MIMAT0000257 hsa-mir- 214 CCUGUGCAGAGAUU MI0000270 miR- AUUGCU 181b-1 AUUUUUUAAAAGG 181b-5p GUCGGU UCACAAUCAACAUU GGGU CAUUGCUGUCGGU GGGUUGAACUGUG UGGACAAGCUCACU GAACAAUGAAUGCA ACUGUGGCCCCGCU U hsa- 143 AACCAUC MIMAT0004559 hsa-mir- 215 CGGAAAAUUUGCCA MI0000271 miR- GACCGU 181c AGGGUUUGGGGGA 181c-3p UGAGUG ACAUUCAACCUGUC GAC GGUGAGUUUGGGC AGCUCAGGCAAACC AUCGACCGUUGAGU GGACCCUGAGGCCU GGAAUUGCCAUCCU hsa- 144 AACAUUC MIMAT0000258 hsa-mir- 216 CGGAAAAUUUGCCA MI0000271 miR- AACCUGU 181c AGGGUUUGGGGGA 181c-5p CGGUGA ACAUUCAACCUGUC GU GGUGAGUUUGGGC AGCUCAGGCAAACC AUCGACCGUUGAGU GGACCCUGAGGCCU GGAAUUGCCAUCCU hsa- 145 UGGAGA MIMAT0000455 hsa-mir- 217 AGGGGGCGAGGGA MI0000482 miR- GAAAGGC 185 UUGGAGAGAAAGGC 185-5p AGUUCC AGUUCCUGAUGGUC UGA CCCUCCCCAGGGGC UGGCUUUCCUCUGG UCCUUCCCUCCCA hsa- 146 ACUGCCC MIMAT0002891 hsa-mir- 218 UGUUCUAAGGUGC MI0000072 miR- UAAGUG 18a AUCUAGUGCAGAUA 18a-3p CUCCUUC GUGAAGUAGAUUA UGG GCAUCUACUGCCCU AAGUGCUCCUUCUG GCA hsa- 147 UAAGGU MIMAT0000072 hsa-mir- 219 UGUUCUAAGGUGC MI0000072 miR- GCAUCUA 18a AUCUAGUGCAGAUA 18a-5p GUGCAG GUGAAGUAGAUUA AUAG GCAUCUACUGCCCU AAGUGCUCCUUCUG GCA hsa- 148 UAAGGU MIMAT0001412 hsa-mir- 220 UGUGUUAAGGUGC MI0001518 miR- GCAUCUA 18b AUCUAGUGCAGUUA 18b-5p GUGCAG GUGAAGCAGCUUAG UUAG AAUCUACUGCCCUA AAUGCCCCUUCUGG CA hsa- 149 CGGCGG MIMAT0007881 hsa-mir- 221 CGGGAAUGCCGCGG MI0008329 miR- GGACGGC 1908 CGGGGACGGCGAUU 1908-5p GAUUGG GGUCCGUAUGUGU UC GGUGCCACCGGCCG CCGGCUCCGCCCCG GCCCCCGCCCC hsa- 150 CAACGGA MIMAT0000440 hsa-mir- 222 CGGCUGGACAGCGG MI0000465 miR- AUCCCAA 191 GCAACGGAAUCCCA 191-5p AAGCAGC AAAGCAGCUGUUGU UG CUCCAGAGCAUUCC AGCUGCGCUUGGAU UUCGUCCCCUGCUC UCCUGCCU hsa- 151 UAGGUA MIMAT0001080 hsa-mir- 223 ACUGGUCGGUGAU MI0001150 miR- GUUUCC 196b UUAGGUAGUUUCC 196b-5p UGUUGU UGUUGUUGGGAUC UGGG CACCUUUCUCUCGA CAGCACGACACUGC CUUCAUUACUUCAG UUG hsa- 152 CCCAGUG MIMAT0000263 hsa-mir- 224 CCAGAGGACACCUC MI0000282 miR- UUUAGA 199b CACUCCGUCUACCC 199b-5p CUAUCU AGUGUUUAGACUA GUUC UCUGUUCAGGACUC CCAAAUUGUACAGU AGUCUGCACAUUGG UUAGGCUGGGCUG GGUUAGACCCUCGG hsa- 153 AGUUUU MIMAT0004491 hsa-mir- 225 CACUGUUCUAUGGU MI0000074 miR- GCAGGU 19b-1 UAGUUUUGCAGGU 19b-1- UUGCAU UUGCAUCCAGCUGU 5p CCAGC GUGAUAUUCUGCU GUGCAAAUCCAUGC AAAACUGACUGUGG UAGUG hsa- 154 UGUGCA MIMAT0000074 hsa-mir- 226 CACUGUUCUAUGGU MI0000074 miR- AAUCCAU 19b-1 UAGUUUUGCAGGU 19b-3p GCAAAAC UUGCAUCCAGCUGU UGA GUGAUAUUCUGCU GUGCAAAUCCAUGC AAAACUGACUGUGG UAGUG hsa- 155 UAAUAC MIMAT0000318 hsa-mir- 227 CCAGCUCGGGCAGC MI0000342 miR- UGCCUG 200b CGUGGCCAUCUUAC 200b-3p GUAAUG UGGGCAGCAUUGG AUGA AUGGAGUCAGGUC UCUAAUACUGCCUG GUAAUGAUGACGGC GGAGCCCUGCACG hsa-miR- 156 GUGAAA MIMAT0000264 hsa-mir- 228 GUGUUGGGGACUC MI0000283 203a UGUUUA 203a GCGCGCUGGGUCCA GGACCAC GUGGUUCUUAACA UAG GUUCAACAGUUCUG UAGCGCAAUUGUGA AAUGUUUAGGACCA CUAGACCCGGCGGG CGCGGCGACAGCGA hsa- 157 UAAAGU MIMAT0000075 hsa-mir- 229 GUAGCACUAAAGUG MI0000076 miR- GCUUAU 20a CUUAUAGUGCAGG 20a-5p AGUGCA UAGUGUUUAGUUA GGUAG UCUACUGCAUUAUG AGCACUUAAAGUAC UGC hsa- 158 CAAAGU MIMAT0001413 hsa-mir- 230 AGUACCAAAGUGCU MI0001519 miR- GCUCAUA 20b CAUAGUGCAGGUAG 20b-5p GUGCAG UUUUGGCAUGACUC GUAG UACUGUAGUAUGG GCACUUCCAGUACU hsa-  159 CUGUGC MIMAT0000267 hsa-mir- 231 ACCCGGCAGUGCCU MI0000286 miR- GUGUGA 210 CCAGGCGCAGGGCA 210-3p CAGCGGC GCCCCUGCCCACCGC UGA ACACUGCGCUGCCC CAGACCCACUGUGC GUGUGACAGCGGCU GAUCUGUGCCUGG GCAGCGCGACCC hsa- 160 CAACACC MIMAT0004494 hsa-mir- 232 UGUCGGGUAGCUU MI0000077 miR-21- AGUCGA 21 AUCAGACUGAUGUU 3p UGGGCU GACUGUUGAAUCUC GU AUGGCAACACCAGU CGAUGGGCUGUCU GACA hsa- 161 CAUUGCA MIMAT0000081 hsa-mir- 233 GGCCAGUGUUGAG MI0000082 miR-25- CUUGUC 25 AGGCGGAGACUUGG 3p UCGGUC GCAAUUGCUGGACG UGA CUGCCCUGGGCAUU GCACUUGUCUCGGU CUGACAGUGCCGGC C hsa- 162 UUCAAG MIMAT0000083 hsa-mir- 234 CCGGGACCCAGUUC MI0000084 miR- UAAUUC 26b AAGUAAUUCAGGAU 26b-5p AGGAUA AGGUUGUGUGCUG GGU UCCAGCCUGUUCUC CAUUACUUGGCUCG GGGACCGG hsa- 163 CAGUGCA MIMAT0000688 hsa-mir- 235 ACUGCUAACGAAUG MI0000745 miR- AUAGUA 301a CUCUGACUUUAUUG 301a-3p UUGUCA CACUACUGUACUUU AAGC ACAGCUAGCAGUGC AAUAGUAUUGUCAA AGCAUCUGAAAGCA GG hsa-miR- 164 CAGUGCA MIMAT0004958 hsa-mir- 236 GCCGCAGGUGCUCU MI0005568 301b AUGAUA 301b GACGAGGUUGCACU UUGUCA ACUGUGCUCUGAGA AAGC AGCAGUGCAAUGAU AUUGUCAAAGCAUC UGGGACCA hsa- 273 CAAUUU MIMAT0004505 hsa-mir- 274 GGAGAUAUUGCACA MI0000090 miR-32- AGUGUG 32 UUACUAAGUUGCAU 3p UGUGAU GUUGUCACGGCCUC AUUU AAUGCAAUUUAGU GUGUGUGAUAUUU UC hsa- 165 CACAUUA MIMAT0000755 hsa-mir- 237 UUGGUACUUGGAG MI0000807 miR- CACGGUC 323a AGAGGUGGUCCGU 323a-3p GACCUCU GGCGCGUUCGCUUU AUUUAUGGCGCACA UUACACGGUCGACC UCUUUGCAGUAUCU AAUC hsa- 166 CGCAUCC MIMAT0000761 hsa-mir- 238 CUGACUAUGCCUCC MI0000813 miR- CCUAGG 324 CCGCAUCCCCUAGG 324-5p GCAUUG GCAUUGGUGUAAA GUGU GCUGGAGACCCACU GCCCCAGGUGCUGC UGGGGGUUGUAGU C hsa- 167 GCAAAGC MIMAT0000751 hsa-mir- 239 CUUUGGCGAUCACU MI0000803 miR- ACACGGC 330 GCCUCUCUGGGCCU 330-3p CUGCAGA GUGUCUUAGGCUC GA UGCAAGAUCAACCG AGCAAAGCACACGG CCUGCAGAGAGGCA GCGCUCUGCCC hsa- 168 AAUUGC MIMAT0000707 hsa-mir- 240 UGUUGUCGGGUGG MI0000764 miR- ACGGUA 363 AUCACGAUGCAAUU 363-3p UCCAUCU UUGAUGAGUAUCA GUA UAGGAGAAAAAUUG CACGGUAUCCAUCU GUAAACC hsa- 169 AAUAAU MIMAT0000721 hsa-mir- 241 UUGAAGGGAGAUC MI0000777 miR- ACAUGG 369 GACCGUGUUAUAU 369-3p UUGAUC UCGCUUUAUUGACU UUU UCGAAUAAUACAUG GUUGAUCUUUUCU CAG hsa- 170 UUAUAA MIMAT0000727 hsa-mir- 242 UACAUCGGCCAUUA MI0000782 miR- UACAACC 374a UAAUACAACCUGAU 374a-5p UGAUAA AAGUGUUAUAGCAC GUG UUAUCAGAUUGUA UUGUAAUUGUCUG UGUA hsa- 171 UUUGUU MIMAT0000728 hsa-mir- 243 CCCCGCGACGAGCCC MI0000783 miR-375 CGUUCG 375 CUCGCACAAACCGG GCUCGCG ACCUGAGCGUUUUG UGA UUCGUUCGGCUCGC GUGAGGC hsa- 172 AACAUAG MIMAT0000720 hsa-mir- 244 AAAAGGUGGAUAU MI0000776 miR- AGGAAA 376c UCCUUCUAUGUUU 376c-3p UUCCACG AUGUUAUUUAUGG U UUAAACAUAGAGGA AAUUCCACGUUUU hsa- 173 CUCCUGA MIMAT0000731 hsa-mir- 245 AGGGCUCCUGACUC MI0000786 miR- CUCCAGG 378a CAGGUCCUGUGUG 378a-5p UCCUGU UUACCUAGAAAUAG GU CACUGGACUUGGAG UCAGAAGGCCU hsa- 174 AAACCGU MIMAT0001631 hsa-mir- 246 CUUGGGAAUGGCAA MI0001729 miR- UACCAUU 451a GGAAACCGUUACCA 451a ACUGAG UUACUGAGUUUAG UU UAAUGGUAAUGGU UCUCUUGCUAUACC CAGA hsa- 175 UAGUGC MIMAT0003885 hsa-mir- 247 UCUGUUUAUCACCA MI0003820 miR- AAUAUU 454 GAUCCUAGAACCCU 454-3p GCUUAU AUCAAUAUUGUCUC AGGGU UGCUGUGUAAAUA GUUCUGAGUAGUG CAAUAUUGCUUAUA GGGUUUUGGUGUU UGGAAAGAACAAUG GGCAGG hsa- 176 CGGGGCA MIMAT0004762 hsa-mir- 248 GCAUCCUGUACUGA MI0002470 miR- GCUCAG 486 GCUGCCCCGAGGCC 486-3p UACAGG CUUCAUGCUGCCCA AU GCUCGGGGCAGCUC AGUACAGGAUAC hsa- 177 UCCUGU MIMAT0002177 hsa-mir- 249 GCAUCCUGUACUGA MI0002470 miR- ACUGAGC 486 GCUGCCCCGAGGCC 486-5p UGCCCCG CUUCAUGCUGCCCA AG GCUCGGGGCAGCUC AGUACAGGAUAC hsa- 178 UUGUAC MIMAT0002813 hsa-mir- 250 CUGGCCUCCAGGGC MI0003132 miR- AUGGUA 493 UUUGUACAUGGUA 493-5p GGCUUU GGCUUUCAUUCAUU CAUU CGUUUGCACAUUCG GUGAAGGUCUACU GUGUGCCAGGCCCU GUGCCAG hsa- 179 UAAUCCU MIMAT0004773 hsa-mir- 251 GCUCCCCCUCUCUA MI0003184 miR- UGGGUG 500a AUCCUUGCUACCUG 500a-5p UGCUACC GGUGAGAGUGCUG AGA UCUGAAUGCAAUGC ACCUGGGCAAGGAU UCUGAGAGCGAGAG C hsa- 180 CCUCCCA MIMAT0004780 hsa-mir- 252 CGACUUGCUUUCUC MI0003205 miR- CACCCAA 532 UCCUCCAUGCCUUG 532-3p GGCUUG AGUGUAGGACCGU CA UGGCAUCUUAAUUA CCCUCCCACACCCAA GGCUUGCAAAAAAG CGAGCCU hsa- 181 UCAGCAA MIMAT0003165 hsa-mir- 253 CCCAGCCUGGCACA MI0003516 miR- ACAUUU 545 UUAGUAGGCCUCAG 545-3p AUUGUG UAAAUGUUUAUUA UGC GAUGAAUAAAUGAA UGACUCAUCAGCAA ACAUUUAUUGUGU GCCUGCUAAAGUGA GCUCCACAGG hsa- 182 UGUCUU MIMAT0003257 hsa-mir- 254 UGAUGCUUUGCUG MI0003600 miR- ACUCCCU 550a-1 GCUGGUGCAGUGCC 550a-3p CAGGCAC UGAGGGAGUAAGA AU GCCCUGUUGUUGU AAGAUAGUGUCUU ACUCCCUCAGGCAC AUCUCCAACAAGUC UCU hsa- 183 AGUGCC MIMAT0004800 hsa-mir- 255 UGAUGCUUUGCUG MI0003600 miR- UGAGGG 550a-1 GCUGGUGCAGUGCC 550a-5p AGUAAG UGAGGGAGUAAGA AGCCC GCCCUGUUGUUGU AAGAUAGUGUCUU ACUCCCUCAGGCAC AUCUCCAACAAGUC UCU hsa- 184 UGAGAA MIMAT0004799 hsa-mir- 256 UCCAGCCUGUGCCC MI0003599 miR- CCACGUC 589 AGCAGCCCCUGAGA 589-5p UGCUCU ACCACGUCUGCUCU GAG GAGCUGGGUACUGC CUGUUCAGAACAAA UGCCGGUUCCCAGA CGCUGCCAGCUGGC C hsa- 185 UAAUUU MIMAT0004801 hsa-mir- 257 UAGCCAGUCAGAAA MI0003602 miR- UAUGUA 590 UGAGCUUAUUCAUA 590-3p UAAGCU AAAGUGCAGUAUGG AGU UGAAGUCAAUCUGU AAUUUUAUGUAUA AGCUAGUCUCUGAU UGAAACAUGCAGCA hsa- 186 UACGUCA MIMAT0003266 hsa-mir- 258 GCUUGAUGAUGCU MI0003610 miR- UCGUUG 598 GCUGAUGCUGGCG 598-3p UCAUCG GUGAUCCCGAUGGU UCA GUGAGCUGGAAAU GGGGUGCUACGUCA UCGUUGUCAUCGUC AUCAUCAUCAUCCG AG hsa- 187 GUGAGU MIMAT0003296 hsa-mir- 259 UACUUAUUACUGG MI0003641 miR- CUCUAAG 627 UAGUGAGUCUCUAA 627-5p AAAAGAG GAAAAGAGGAGGU GA GGUUGUUUUCCUC CUCUUUUCUUUGA GACUCACUACCAAU AAUAAGAAAUACUA CUA hsa- 188 UGGGUU MIMAT0004810 hsa-mir- 260 UCCCUUUCCCAGGG MI0003643 miR- UACGUU 629 GAGGGGCUGGGUU 629-5p GGGAGA UACGUUGGGAGAAC ACU UUUUACGGUGAACC AGGAGGUUCUCCCA ACGUAAGCCCAGCC CCUCCCCUCUGCCU hsa- 189 UGGAAG MIMAT0000252 hsa-mir-7- 261 UUGGAUGUUGGCC MI0000263 miR-7- ACUAGU 1 UAGUUCUGUGUGG 5p GAUUUU AAGACUAGUGAUU GUUGU UUGUUGUUUUUAG AUAACUAAAUCGAC AACAAAUCACAGUC UGCCAUAUGGCACA GGCCAUGCCUCUAC AG hsa- 190 UAUUGC MIMAT0000092 hsa-mir- 262 CUUUCUACACAGGU MI0000093 miR- ACUUGU 92a-1 UGGGAUCGGUUGC 92a-3p CCCGGCC AAUGCUGUGUUUC UGU UGUAUGGUAUUGC ACUUGUCCCGGCCU GUUGAGUUUGG hsa- 191 ACUGCU MIMAT0004509 hsa-mir- 263 CUGGGGGCUCCAAA MI0000095 miR-93- GAGCUA 93 GUGCUGUUCGUGC 3p GCACUUC AGGUAGUGUGAUU CCG ACCCAACCUACUGC UGAGCUAGCACUUC CCGAGCCCCCGG hsa- 192 CAAAGU MIMAT0000093 hsa-mir- 264 CUGGGGGCUCCAAA MI0000095 miR-93- GCUGUU 93 GUGCUGUUCGUGC 5p CGUGCA AGGUAGUGUGAUU GGUAG ACCCAACCUACUGC UGAGCUAGCACUUC CCGAGCCCCCGG hsa- 193 CACCCGG MIMAT0004984 hsa-mir- 265 UGUGGACAUGUGCC MI0005763 miR-941 CUGUGU 941-1 CAGGGCCCGGGACA GCACAUG GCGCCACGGAAGAG UGC GACGCACCCGGCUG UGUGCACAUGUGCC CA hsa- 194 UCUUCUC MIMAT0004985 hsa-mir- 266 AUUAGGAGAGUAU MI0005767 miR- UGUUUU 942 CUUCUCUGUUUUG 942-5p GGCCAU GCCAUGUGUGUACU GUG CACAGCCCCUCACAC AUGGCCGAAACAGA GAAGUUACUUUCCU AAU hsa- 195 UUUGGC MIMAT0000095 hsa-mir- 267 UGGCCGAUUUUGG MI0000098 miR-96- ACUAGCA 96 CACUAGCACAUUUU 5p CAUUUU UGCUUGUGUCUCU UGCU CCGCUCUGAGCAAU CAUGUGCAGUGCCA AUAUGGGAAA hsa- 196 UGAGGU MIMAT0000096 hsa-mir- 268 AGGAUUCUGCUCAU MI0000100 miR-98- AGUAAG 98 GCCAGGGUGAGGUA 5p UUGUAU GUAAGUUGUAUUG UGUU UUGUGGGGUAGGG AUAUUAGGCCCCAA UUAGAAGAUAACUA UACAACUUACUACU UUCCCUGGUGUGU GGCAUAUUCA

LITERATURE

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1. An in vitro method of diagnosing osteoporosis or determining the risk of osteoporotic fractures or monitoring of treatment in a subject, comprising the steps of: a) providing a blood sample from said subject; b) measuring a level of each of two or more miRNAs selected from the group consisting of: i) a group II miRNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-let-7i-3p, hsa-miR-122′7-3p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-190a, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-214-3p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-5p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-410, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-487b, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-542-5p, hsa-miR-548a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-624-5p, hsa-miR-642a-5p, hsa-miR-941, and hsa-miR-942 or isoforms or variants thereof; ii) a group III miRNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-32-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-let-7i-5p, hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-12′7-3p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181b-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-1908, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-19b-1-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-21-3p, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-301a-3p, hsa-miR-301b, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-363-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-451a, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-493-5p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-545-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-589-5p, hsa-miR-590-3p, hsa-miR-598, hsa-miR-627, hsa-miR-629-5p, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-941, hsa-miR-942, hsa-miR-96-5p, and hsa-miR-98-5p or isoforms or variants thereof; and iii) a group I miRNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133a, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-376a-3p, hsa-miR-409-3p, and hsa-miR-574-3p, or isoforms or variants thereof; and c) comparing the levels of said miRNAs with the levels of corresponding miRNAs in a reference blood sample from a healthy individual, wherein a difference of more than 1.5 fold in said levels when compared to the reference sample is indicative of osteoporosis or the risk of fractures.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of each of said miRNAs is compared with the average level of corresponding miRNAs in healthy subjects, wherein a difference of more than one standard deviation is indicative of osteoporosis with increased risk of future fractures in the subject.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said two or more miRNAs are selected from group I miRNAs or from group II miRNAs or from group III miRNAs.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of at least 4 miRNAs is measured.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of all of the miRNAs of any of group I and/or group II and/or group III miRNAs are measured.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b and hsa-miR-143-3p are measured.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of hsa-miR-106a-5p, hsa-miR-127-3p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-196b-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-20b-5p, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-369-3p, hsa-miR-376c-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-454-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-941, and hsa-miR-942 are measured.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of at least two of hsa-miR-188-3p, hsa-miR-382-3p, hsa-miR-942 and hsa-miR-155-5p are measured.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the level of at least one further miRNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-136-3p, hsa-miR-181a-3p, hsa-miR-378a-5p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-576-3p and hsa-miR-582-3p is measured.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of at least two of miR-550a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-96-5p and miR-486-3p are measured.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the level of at least one further miRNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-181c-3p, hsa-miR-203a, hsa-miR-323a-3p, hsa-miR-500a-5p, hsa-532-3p, hsa-miR-7-5p and hsa-miR-92a-3p is measured.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more further miRNAs are detected, wherein said miRNAs are: a) differentially regulated in osteoporotic individuals as compared to healthy individuals, and b) involved in osteogenic differentiation and/or in osteoclastogenic activation.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said further miRNAs are group IV miRNAs selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-100, hsa-miR-124a, hsa-miR-148a, hsa-miR-23a, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-22-3p and hsa-miR-93.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein said further miRNAs are group V miRNAs selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-hsa-miR-199a-5p, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-217, hsa-miR-218, hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-27a, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-335-5p, hsa-miR-34c, hsa-miR-370-3p, hsa-miR-3960 and hsa-miR-503-5p, or isoforms and variants thereof.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of performing a bone imaging procedure on the subject in order to identify whether the subject has a bone fracture.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the subjects are osteoporosis or osteopenia patients suffering from or at risk of developing bone fractures, or are patients at risk of or suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference in miRNA levels is determined by quantitative or digital PCR, sequencing, microarray, Luminex nucleic acid assays, or other hybridization-based techniques.
 18. A composition for use in treating or preventing osteoporosis or fractures comprising: a) at least two synthetic human miRNAs from miRNA groups I, II or III and/or b) an antagonist/inhibitor of at least two of miRNAs of groups I, II or III that: i. decreases the level of said miRNAs; and/or ii. inhibits or down-regulates expression of the sequences coding for said miRNAs or degrades or cleaves said miRNAs.
 19. A method of treating or preventing osteoporosis or fractures, comprising the step of administering the composition of claim 18 to a subject in need thereof.
 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing treatment to the subject for osteoporosis or a bone fracture. 